From 16555851b6514a736c5c9d8e73de7da7fc9b6288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Prefetch Date: Thu, 20 Oct 2022 18:25:31 +0200 Subject: Migrate from 'jekyll-katex' to 'kramdown-math-sskatex' --- source/know/concept/reynolds-number/index.md | 38 ++++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) (limited to 'source/know/concept/reynolds-number/index.md') diff --git a/source/know/concept/reynolds-number/index.md b/source/know/concept/reynolds-number/index.md index aa9559c..9ae4f4b 100644 --- a/source/know/concept/reynolds-number/index.md +++ b/source/know/concept/reynolds-number/index.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ layout: "concept" The [Navier-Stokes equations](/know/concept/navier-stokes-equations/) are infamously tricky to solve, so we would like a way to qualitatively predict -the behaviour of a fluid without needing the flow $\va{v}$. +the behaviour of a fluid without needing the flow $$\va{v}$$. Consider the main equation: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = - \frac{\nabla p}{\rho} + \nu \nabla^2 \va{v} \end{aligned}$$ -In this case, the gravity term $\va{g}$ +In this case, the gravity term $$\va{g}$$ has been absorbed into the pressure term: -$p \to p\!+\!\rho \Phi$, -where $\Phi$ is the gravitational scalar potential, -i.e. $\va{g} = - \nabla \Phi$. +$$p \to p\!+\!\rho \Phi$$, +where $$\Phi$$ is the gravitational scalar potential, +i.e. $$\va{g} = - \nabla \Phi$$. -Let us introduce the dimensionless variables $\va{v}'$, $\va{r}'$, $t'$ and $p'$, -where $U$ and $L$ are respectively a characteristic velocity and length +Let us introduce the dimensionless variables $$\va{v}'$$, $$\va{r}'$$, $$t'$$ and $$p'$$, +where $$U$$ and $$L$$ are respectively a characteristic velocity and length of the system at hand: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = - \frac{U^2}{L} \nabla' p' + \frac{U \nu}{L^2} \nabla'^2 \va{v}' \end{aligned}$$ -After dividing out $U^2/L$, +After dividing out $$U^2/L$$, we arrive at the form of the original equation again: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ The constant factor of the last term -leads to the definition of the **Reynolds number** $\mathrm{Re}$: +leads to the definition of the **Reynolds number** $$\mathrm{Re}$$: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ @@ -75,17 +75,17 @@ $$\begin{aligned} } \end{aligned}$$ -If we choose $U$ and $L$ appropriately for a given system, +If we choose $$U$$ and $$L$$ appropriately for a given system, the Reynolds number allows us to predict the general trends. It can be regarded as the inverse of an "effective viscosity": -when $\mathrm{Re}$ is large, viscosity only has a minor role, -but when $\mathrm{Re}$ is small, it dominates the dynamics. +when $$\mathrm{Re}$$ is large, viscosity only has a minor role, +but when $$\mathrm{Re}$$ is small, it dominates the dynamics. Another way is thus to see the Reynolds number as the characteristic ratio between the advective term (see [material derivative](/know/concept/material-derivative/)) to the [viscosity](/know/concept/viscosity/) term, -since $\va{v} \sim U$: +since $$\va{v} \sim U$$: $$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{Re} @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = \frac{U L}{\nu} \end{aligned}$$ -In other words, $\mathrm{Re}$ +In other words, $$\mathrm{Re}$$ describes the relative strength of intertial and viscous forces. Returning to the dimensionless Navier-Stokes equation: @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = - \nabla' p' + \frac{1}{\mathrm{Re}} \nabla'^2 \va{v}' \end{aligned}$$ -For large $\mathrm{Re} \gg 1$, +For large $$\mathrm{Re} \gg 1$$, we can neglect the latter term, such that redimensionalizing yields: @@ -120,10 +120,10 @@ for an ideal fluid, i.e. a fluid without viscosity. ## Stokes flow A notable case is so-called **Stokes flow** or **creeping flow**, -meaning flow at $\mathrm{Re} \ll 1$. +meaning flow at $$\mathrm{Re} \ll 1$$. In this limit, the Navier-Stokes equations can be linearized: -since $\mathrm{Re}$ is the advective-to-viscous ratio, -$\mathrm{Re} \ll 1$ implies that we can ignore the advective term, leaving: +since $$\mathrm{Re}$$ is the advective-to-viscous ratio, +$$\mathrm{Re} \ll 1$$ implies that we can ignore the advective term, leaving: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} This equation is called the **unsteady Stokes equation**. Usually, however, such flows are assumed to be steady (i.e. time-invariant), leading to the **steady Stokes equation**, -with $\eta = \rho \nu$: +with $$\eta = \rho \nu$$: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ -- cgit v1.2.3