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Diffstat (limited to 'source/know/concept/bose-einstein-distribution')
-rw-r--r-- | source/know/concept/bose-einstein-distribution/index.md | 41 |
1 files changed, 23 insertions, 18 deletions
diff --git a/source/know/concept/bose-einstein-distribution/index.md b/source/know/concept/bose-einstein-distribution/index.md index e420d7c..5640e69 100644 --- a/source/know/concept/bose-einstein-distribution/index.md +++ b/source/know/concept/bose-einstein-distribution/index.md @@ -11,21 +11,22 @@ layout: "concept" **Bose-Einstein statistics** describe how bosons, which do not obey the [Pauli exclusion principle](/know/concept/pauli-exclusion-principle/), -will distribute themselves across the available states +distribute themselves across the available states in a system at equilibrium. Consider a single-particle state $$s$$, which can contain any number of bosons. Since the occupation number $$N$$ is variable, -we turn to the [grand canonical ensemble](/know/concept/grand-canonical-ensemble/), -whose grand partition function $$\mathcal{Z}$$ is as follows, +we use the [grand canonical ensemble](/know/concept/grand-canonical-ensemble/), +whose grand partition function $$\mathcal{Z}$$ is as shown below, where $$\varepsilon$$ is the energy per particle, -and $$\mu$$ is the chemical potential: +and $$\mu$$ is the chemical potential. +We evaluate the sum in $$\mathcal{Z}$$ as a geometric series: $$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{Z} - = \sum_{N = 0}^\infty \Big( \exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu)) \Big)^{N} - = \frac{1}{1 - \exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu))} + = \sum_{N = 0}^\infty \Big( e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)} \Big)^{N} + = \frac{1}{1 - e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)}} \end{aligned}$$ The corresponding [thermodynamic potential](/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/) @@ -34,41 +35,45 @@ is the Landau potential $$\Omega$$, given by: $$\begin{aligned} \Omega = - k T \ln{\mathcal{Z}} - = k T \ln\!\Big( 1 - \exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu)) \Big) + = k T \ln\!\big( 1 - e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)} \big) \end{aligned}$$ -The average number of particles $$\Expval{N}$$ -is found by taking a derivative of $$\Omega$$: +The average number of particles $$\expval{N}$$ in $$s$$ +is then found by taking a derivative of $$\Omega$$: $$\begin{aligned} - \Expval{N} + \expval{N} = - \pdv{\Omega}{\mu} = k T \pdv{\ln{\mathcal{Z}}}{\mu} - = \frac{\exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu))}{1 - \exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu))} + = \frac{e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)}}{1 - e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)}} \end{aligned}$$ -By multitplying both the numerator and the denominator by $$\exp(\beta(\varepsilon \!-\! \mu))$$, +By multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by $$e^{\beta(\varepsilon \!-\! \mu)}$$, we arrive at the standard form of the **Bose-Einstein distribution** $$f_B$$: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ - \Expval{N} + \expval{N} = f_B(\varepsilon) - = \frac{1}{\exp(\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)) - 1} + = \frac{1}{e^{\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)} - 1} } \end{aligned}$$ -This tells the expected occupation number $$\Expval{N}$$ of state $$s$$, +This gives the expected occupation number $$\expval{N}$$ +of state $$s$$ with energy $$\varepsilon$$, given a temperature $$T$$ and chemical potential $$\mu$$. -The corresponding variance $$\sigma^2$$ of $$N$$ is found to be: + +{% comment %} +The corresponding variance $$\sigma^2 \equiv \expval{N^2} - \expval{N}^2$$ is found to be: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ \sigma^2 - = k T \pdv{\Expval{N}}{\mu} - = \Expval{N} \big(1 + \Expval{N}\big) + = k T \pdv{\expval{N}}{\mu} + = \expval{N} \big(1 + \expval{N}\!\big) } \end{aligned}$$ +{% endcomment %} |