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Diffstat (limited to 'source/know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/index.md')
| -rw-r--r-- | source/know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/index.md | 41 | 
1 files changed, 21 insertions, 20 deletions
| diff --git a/source/know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/index.md b/source/know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/index.md index 09a3e76..2a38eb3 100644 --- a/source/know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/index.md +++ b/source/know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/index.md @@ -11,67 +11,68 @@ layout: "concept"  **Fermi-Dirac statistics** describe how identical **fermions**,  which obey the [Pauli exclusion principle](/know/concept/pauli-exclusion-principle/), -will distribute themselves across the available states in a system at equilibrium. +distribute themselves across the available states in a system at equilibrium.  Consider one single-particle state $$s$$,  which can contain $$0$$ or $$1$$ fermions.  Because the occupation number $$N$$ is variable,  we turn to the [grand canonical ensemble](/know/concept/grand-canonical-ensemble/),  whose grand partition function $$\mathcal{Z}$$ is as follows, -where we sum over all microstates of $$s$$: +where $$\varepsilon$$ is the energy of $$s$$ +and $$\mu$$ is the chemical potential:  $$\begin{aligned}      \mathcal{Z} -    = \sum_{N = 0}^1 \exp(- \beta N (\varepsilon - \mu)) -    = 1 + \exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu)) +    = \sum_{N = 0}^1 \Big( e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)} \Big)^N +    = 1 + e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)}  \end{aligned}$$ -Where $$\mu$$ is the chemical potential, -and $$\varepsilon$$ is the energy contribution per particle in $$s$$, -i.e. the total energy of all particles $$E = \varepsilon N$$. -  The corresponding [thermodynamic potential](/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/)  is the Landau potential $$\Omega$$, given by:  $$\begin{aligned}      \Omega      = - k T \ln{\mathcal{Z}} -    = - k T \ln\!\Big( 1 + \exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu)) \Big) +    = - k T \ln\!\Big( 1 + e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)} \Big)  \end{aligned}$$ -The average number of particles $$\Expval{N}$$ -in state $$s$$ is then found to be as follows: +The average number of particles $$\expval{N}$$ +in $$s$$ is then found by taking a derivative of $$\Omega$$:  $$\begin{aligned} -    \Expval{N} +    \expval{N}      = - \pdv{\Omega}{\mu}      = k T \pdv{\ln{\mathcal{Z}}}{\mu} -    = \frac{\exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu))}{1 + \exp(- \beta (\varepsilon - \mu))} +    = \frac{e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)}}{1 + e^{-\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)}}  \end{aligned}$$ -By multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by $$\exp(\beta (\varepsilon \!-\! \mu))$$, +By multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by $$e^{\beta (\varepsilon \!-\! \mu)}$$,  we arrive at the standard form of  the **Fermi-Dirac distribution** or **Fermi function** $$f_F$$:  $$\begin{aligned}      \boxed{ -        \Expval{N} +        \expval{N}          = f_F(\varepsilon) -        = \frac{1}{\exp(\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)) + 1} +        = \frac{1}{e^{\beta (\varepsilon - \mu)} + 1}      }  \end{aligned}$$ -This tells the expected occupation number $$\Expval{N}$$ of state $$s$$, +This gives the expected occupation number $$\expval{N}$$ +of state $$s$$ with energy $$\varepsilon$$,  given a temperature $$T$$ and chemical potential $$\mu$$. -The corresponding variance $$\sigma^2$$ of $$N$$ is found to be: + +{% comment %} +The corresponding variance $$\sigma^2 \equiv \expval{N^2} - \expval{N}^2$$ is found to be:  $$\begin{aligned}      \boxed{          \sigma^2 -        = k T \pdv{\Expval{N}}{\mu} -        = \Expval{N} \big(1 - \Expval{N}\big) +        = k T \pdv{\expval{N}}{\mu} +        = \expval{N} \big(1 - \expval{N}\big)      }  \end{aligned}$$ +{% endcomment %} | 
