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Diffstat (limited to 'source/know/concept/lorentz-oscillator-model')
-rw-r--r-- | source/know/concept/lorentz-oscillator-model/index.md | 27 |
1 files changed, 17 insertions, 10 deletions
diff --git a/source/know/concept/lorentz-oscillator-model/index.md b/source/know/concept/lorentz-oscillator-model/index.md index 61bbf6b..580ba99 100644 --- a/source/know/concept/lorentz-oscillator-model/index.md +++ b/source/know/concept/lorentz-oscillator-model/index.md @@ -61,20 +61,22 @@ The polarization density $$\vb{P}(t)$$ is therefore as shown below, where $$N$$ is the number of atoms per unit of volume. Note that the dipole moment vector $$\vb{p}$$ is defined as pointing from negative to positive, -whereas the electric field $$\vb{E}$$ goes from positive to negative: +whereas the electric field $$\vb{E}$$ points from positive to negative: $$\begin{aligned} \vb{P}(t) - = N \vb{p}(t) + \approx N \vb{p}(t) = N q \vb{x}(t) = \frac{N q^2}{m (\omega_0^2 - \omega^2 - i \gamma \omega)} \vb{E}(t) \end{aligned}$$ +Also note that $$\vb{P}$$ is not equal to $$N \vb{p}$$; +this will be clarified later. From the definition of the electric displacement field $$\vb{D} = \varepsilon_0 \vb{E} + \vb{P} = \varepsilon_0 \varepsilon_r \vb{E}$$, -we find that the material's +we see that the material's [dielectric function](/know/concept/dielectric-function/) -$$\varepsilon_r(\omega)$$ is given by: +$$\varepsilon_r(\omega)$$ must be given by: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ @@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ You may recognize the Drude model's plasma frequency $$\omega_p$$ here, -but the concept of plasma oscillation does not apply +but the concept of plasma oscillation does not apply, because there are no conduction electrons. When the light's driving frequency $$\omega$$ is far from the resonance $$\omega_0$$, @@ -108,23 +110,28 @@ $$\begin{aligned} In reality, atoms have multiple spectral lines, so we should treat them as if they have multiple oscillators -with different resonances $$\omega_\nu$$. +with different resonances $$\omega_n$$. In that case, the relative permittivity $$\varepsilon_r$$ becomes: - $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ \varepsilon_r(\omega) - = 1 + \frac{N q^2}{\varepsilon_0 m} \sum_{\nu} \frac{1}{(\omega_\nu^2 - \omega^2 - i \gamma_\nu \omega)} + = 1 + \frac{N q^2}{\varepsilon_0 m} \sum_{n} \frac{1}{(\omega_n^2 - \omega^2 - i \gamma_n \omega)} } \end{aligned}$$ This gives $$\varepsilon_r$$ the shape of a staircase, -descending from low to high $$\omega$$ in clear steps at each $$\omega_\nu$$. +descending from low to high $$\omega$$ in clear steps at each $$\omega_n$$. Around each such resonance there is a distinctive "squiggle" in $$\Real\{\varepsilon_r\}$$ corresponding to a peak in the material's reflectivity, and there is an absorption peak in $$\Imag\{\varepsilon_r\}$$. -The damping from $$\gamma_\nu$$ broadens those peaks and reduces their amplitude. +The damping from $$\gamma_n$$ broadens those peaks and reduces their amplitude. + +Finally, recall that $$\vb{P}$$ was not exactly equal to $$N \vb{p}$$. +This is because each atomic dipole generates its own electric field, +affecting the response of its neighbors. +There exists a formula to correct for this effect: +the [Clausius-Mossotti relation](/know/concept/clausius-mossotti-relation/). |