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create mode 100644 source/know/concept/wkb-approximation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/young-dupre-relation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/young-laplace-law/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/index.md create mode 100644 source/robots.txt diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f7e474 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +/Gemfile.lock +/.bundle/* +/source/.jekyll-cache/* +/source/.jekyll-metadata +/public/* diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b898135 --- /dev/null +++ b/Gemfile @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +source "https://rubygems.org" + +gem "jekyll" +gem "webrick" + +# https://github.com/rubyjs/mini_racer +gem "mini_racer" +# https://github.com/linjer/jekyll-katex +gem "jekyll-katex" +# https://github.com/toshimaru/jekyll-toc +gem "jekyll-toc" +# https://github.com/jekyll/jekyll-sitemap +gem "jekyll-sitemap" +# https://github.com/gjtorikian/jekyll-last-modified-at +gem "jekyll-last-modified-at" diff --git a/_config.yml b/_config.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5df199 --- /dev/null +++ b/_config.yml @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +source: "./source" +destination: "./public" + +title: Prefetch +description: "Marcus R.A. Newman's personal website, mostly about physics and computing." +plugins: + - jekyll-katex + - jekyll-toc + - jekyll-sitemap + - jekyll-last-modified-at + +katex: + js_path: "/home/user/git/prefetch-jekyll/source/infra/js" + rendering_options: + macros: # Requires https://github.com/linjer/jekyll-katex/pull/34/commits + "\\Real": "\\mathop{\\mathrm{Re}}" + "\\Imag": "\\mathop{\\mathrm{Im}}" + "\\pv": "\\:\\mathop{\\mathcal{P}}" + "\\cross": "\\times" + "\\va": "\\vec{\\mathbf{#1}}" + "\\vb": "\\mathbf{#1}" + "\\vu": "\\hat{\\mathbf{#1}}" + "\\norm": "\\big\\| {#1} \\big\\|" + "\\Norm": "\\left\\| {#1} \\right\\|" + "\\Tr": "\\mathop{\\mathrm{Tr}}" + "\\dd": "\\mathop{\\mathrm{d} {#1}}" + "\\ddn": "\\mathop{\\mathrm{d}^{#1} {#2}}" + "\\dv": "\\frac{\\mathrm{d} {#1}}{\\mathrm{d} {#2}}" + "\\idv": "\\mathrm{d} {#1} / \\mathrm{d} {#2}" + "\\dvn": "\\frac{\\mathrm{d}^{#1} {#2}}{\\mathrm{d} #3^{#1}}" + "\\idvn": "\\mathrm{d}^{#1} {#2} / \\mathrm{d} #3^{#1}" + "\\pdv": "\\frac{\\partial {#1}}{\\partial {#2}}" + "\\pdvn": "\\frac{\\partial^{#1} {#2}}{\\partial #3^{#1}}" + "\\ipdv": "\\partial {#1} / \\partial {#2}" + "\\ipdvn": "\\partial^{#1} {#2} / \\partial #3^{#1}" + "\\mpdv": "\\frac{\\partial^2 {#1}}{\\partial {#2} \\partial {#3}}" + "\\expval": "\\braket{{#1}}" + "\\Expval": "\\left\\langle{#1}\\right\\rangle" # "\\Braket{{#1}}" fails if {#1} contains '|' + "\\inprod": "\\braket{{#1} | {#2}}" + "\\Inprod": "\\Braket{{#1} | {#2}}" + "\\exprod": "\\ket{{#1}} \\bra{{#2}}" + "\\Exprod": "\\Ket{{#1}} \\Bra{{#2}}" + "\\matrixel": "\\braket{{#1} | {#2} | {#3}}" + "\\Matrixel": "\\Braket{{#1} | {#2} | {#3}}" + "\\comm": "\\big[ {#1}, {#2} \\big]" + "\\Comm": "\\left[ {#1}, {#2} \\right]" + "\\acomm": "\\big\\{ {#1}, {#2} \\big\\}" + "\\Acomm": "\\left\\{ {#1}, {#2} \\right\\}" + "\\sech": "\\mathop{\\mathrm{sech}}" + diff --git a/source/_includes/footer.html b/source/_includes/footer.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a11b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_includes/footer.html @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +
+
+© Marcus R.A. Newman, +CC BY-SA 4.0. +
+
+Privacy-friendly statistics by GoatCounter. +
diff --git a/source/_includes/navigation.html b/source/_includes/navigation.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5c835c --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_includes/navigation.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +
+
PREFETCH
+
+blog  +code  +know +
+
+
diff --git a/source/_includes/preamble.html b/source/_includes/preamble.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..312f1cf --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_includes/preamble.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +{% if page.layout == "blog" or page.syntax %} + +{% endif %} +{% if page.layout == "concept" or page.maths %} + +{% endif %} + + diff --git a/source/_layouts/blog.html b/source/_layouts/blog.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4049297 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_layouts/blog.html @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- +layout: "default" +--- + +

{{ page.title }}

+ +{{ content | toc_only }} +{{ content | inject_anchors }} diff --git a/source/_layouts/category.html b/source/_layouts/category.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8393bd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_layouts/category.html @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +layout: "default" +--- + +

{{ page.title }}

+ +{% assign by_letter = site.pages + | where_exp: "item", "item.layout == 'concept'" + | where_exp: "item", "item.categories contains page.title" + | group_by_exp: "item", "item.title | truncate: 1, ''" + | sort: "name" +%} + +

+This is an alphabetical list of the concepts in this category. +

+ +
+‐ +{% for letter in by_letter %} +{{ letter.name }} +‐ +{% endfor %} +
+ +{% for letter in by_letter %} +

{{ letter.name }}

+ +{% endfor %} diff --git a/source/_layouts/concept.html b/source/_layouts/concept.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a0849c --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_layouts/concept.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +layout: "default" +--- + +

+{% assign categories = page.categories | sort %} +Categories: +{% for category in categories %} +{% assign url = category | slugify %} +{{ category }}{% if forloop.last == false %},{% endif %}{% endfor %}. +

+ +

{{ page.title }}

+ +{% capture markdown_after_katex %} +{% katexmm %} +{{ page.content }} +{% endkatexmm %} +{% endcapture %} + +{{ markdown_after_katex | markdownify }} diff --git a/source/_layouts/default.html b/source/_layouts/default.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f1cac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_layouts/default.html @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + + +{% include preamble.html %} +{{ page.title }} | {{ site.title }} + + +{% include navigation.html %} +{{ content }} +{% include footer.html %} + + diff --git a/source/blog/2020/email-server-extras/index.md b/source/blog/2020/email-server-extras/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b19819b --- /dev/null +++ b/source/blog/2020/email-server-extras/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,431 @@ +--- +title: "Setting up an email server in 2020 with OpenSMTPD and Dovecot: extras" +date: 2020-04-28 +layout: "blog" +toc: true +--- + +This sequel to my post +"[Setting up an email server in 2020 with OpenSMTPD and Dovecot](/blog/2020/email-server/)" +gives extra tips and tricks to extend your email setup. +See also the sequel's sequel, +"[Revisiting my email server in 2022](/blog/2022/email-server-revisited/)". + +Last updated on 2022-09-12. + + +## General + +### Multiple domains + +You can generalize your setup to handle multiple domains +with very little effort. In the following, +I'll assume that your two domains are called `foo.com` and `bar.com`. + + +#### DNS records + +There should be MX, SPF, DKIM and DMARC records for both domains, +as explained in the previous guide. Fortunately, these records +can have identical contents for both domains! + +However, it remains essential that the mail server's mailname +and reverse DNS domain name match up exactly, +so you should create MX records with that in mind. +Therefore, if the email server for both domains has `mx1.foo.com` +as reverse DNS name, the MX records should look like this: +```sh +foo.com. MX 42 mx1.foo.com. +bar.com. MX 42 mx1.foo.com. +``` +This is perfectly valid: the only thing that matters is that +what your SMTP server calls itself agrees with what reverse DNS +says that the server is actually called. + + +#### Dovecot + +To make Dovecot aware of multiple domains, +you only need to update the `/etc/dovecot/users` file +to add accounts for both domains. +However, in the original guide, I said to only write `user` +in the file, without the `@foo.com`, for an address `user@foo.com`. +Unsurprisingly, that isn't an option for multiple domains, +so you must put the full address in `/etc/dovecot/users`. + +Then update `/etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf` to reflect that, +by changing `%n` to `%u` in `username_format`: +```sh +userdb { + driver = passwd-file + args = username_format=%u /etc/dovecot/users + override_fields = uid=vmail gid=vmail home=/home/vmail/%d/%n +} +``` +Also note the change in the `home` setting: +the inbox of a user `user@foo.com` will now be stored +in `/home/vmail/foo.com/user`. +That's all you need to change. + + +#### OpenSMTPD + +To inform OpenSMTPD of all the domains, +create a new file `/etc/smtpd/domains`, +and in there put all desired names on their own line: +```sh +foo.com +bar.com +``` +And as I mentioned when discussing the DNS records, +you should check that `/etc/smtpd/mailname` agrees +with your server's reverse DNS. + +Then, in the main configuration file, tell OpenSMTPD to +use the new domains file when deciding whether to accept an message, +by declaring a new table and changing the `match` line for inbound mail: +```sh +table domains "/etc/smtpd/domains" +# ... +match from any for domain action "RECV" +``` + +#### Rspamd + +The last thing to do is to inform Rspamd of the multiple domains. +It's really easy: simply add multiple domain blocks: +```c +domain { + foo.com { + path = "/path/to/dkim/private.key"; + selector = "hello"; + } +} +domain { + bar.com { + path = "/path/to/dkim/private.key"; + selector = "world"; + } +} +``` + +### Advanced security + +SPF, DKIM and DMARC are email's traditional DNS-based security systems, +but in 2018 the IETF released [RFC 8460](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8460) and [RFC 8461](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8461.txt), +which respectively define TLSRPT and MTA-STS, +two fancy new systems focused on TLS-encrypted email transport. + +These security mechanisms are pretty new, +so you won't get a huge benefit from enabling them, +but big email providers' draconian spam filters might like it. + + +#### TLSRPT + +TLS reporting, or TLSRPT for short, is very simple: +all it does is provide a contact email address in case +somebody has trouble with the TLS configuration of your SMTP server. + +To enable it for your custom email domain `example.com`, +simply create a DNS TXT record for the `_smtp._tls` subdomain: +```sh +_smtp._tls.example.com. TXT "v=TLSRPTv1; rua=mailto:" +``` +Where `` is an email address of your choosing. +That's all! + + +#### MTA-STS + +MTA Strict Transport Security (MTA-STS) tells other servers +that you take TLS encryption of messages very seriously, +so they should avoid sending you unencrypted email, +and should only accept certain certificates from your side. + +Compared to the previously discussed DNS-based security extensions, +MTA-STS is a bit more work to set up, +because you'll also need an HTTP web server. + +The DNS part is still pretty simple: +create yet another DNS TXT record, +this time for the subdomain `_mta-sts`: +```sh +_mta-sts.example.com. TXT "v=STSv1; id=" +``` +The `` should identify the version of your policy, +so other servers can quickly see if something changed. +I recommend using today's date. + +For the next part, I'll assume that you already have +a web server running on a server with the IP address `1.2.3.4`. +I use [nginx](https://nginx.org/) for this, running +on the same server as OpenSMTPD and Dovecot, +but you don't have to do the same. + +Create an A record which binds your server +to the subdomain `mta-sts` (without underscore): +```sh +mta-sts.example.com. A 1.2.3.4 +``` +Set your web server to serve the file +`https://mta-sts.example.com/.well-known/mta-sts.txt` +(we'll discuss that file in a moment). +Note that this policy file **must** be served over HTTPS, +so you need a valid TLS certificate for that domain. + +The contents of the `mta-sts.txt` policy file are as follows, +where `mx1.example.com` and `mx2.example.com` are the hosts +mentioned in `example.com`'s DNS MX records: +```sh +version: STSv1 +mode: enforce +mx: mx1.example.com +mx: mx2.example.com +max_age: +``` +All MX servers must be mentioned this way. +If you're feeling cautious, you may want to set +`mode` to `testing` in the beginning. +This policy is valid for `` seconds, +which is recommended to be several weeks, +but to start with, I suggest using 86400 seconds (one day). +Finally, ensure that this file has CRLF Windows-style line endings. + +To correctly pass an MTA-STS test, the TLS certificate +presented by e.g. `mx1.example.com` should be valid for `mx1.exaple.com`. +To achieve this without needing to manage too many certificates, +you can specify multiple domains when requesting a certificate, +or you can use a wildcard domain (`*.example.com`). +Note, however, that MTA-STS testing tools don't like +the latter option, so I recommend the former. + +Once you're done, check your work by using either +[ESMTP](https://esmtp.email/tools/mta-sts/)'s or [Ayke](https://aykevl.nl/apps/mta-sts/)'s +online MTA-STS validation tools, +ignoring any warnings about DNSSEC or DANE. +If all is good, great! + +Even if you did everything correctly, +these tools will warn you that you're not using DNSSEC/DANE. +It might then be tempting to set that up for even more security, +but I recommend against that for private servers: take a look at [this](https://dane.sys4.de/common_mistakes). + + + +## OpenSMTPD + +### Client certificates (in addition to passwords) + +You can configure OpenSMTPD to request a client certificate +for sending emails, as a second factor for authentication. + +UPDATE: When I wrote this two years ago, it worked, +but now it doesn't anymore, and I can't figure out why. +It seems OpenSMTPD always rejects the client certificates for being self-signed, +even if they can manually be verified for our CA using the `openssl` tool. +I'm leaving this tutorial here for anyone who's interested, +but it's unlikely I'll fix it anytime soon. + + +#### Certificates + +We need to start with some cryptography to create and verify certificates. +I recommend that you do all of this on your trusted *client* device, +and only copy the necessary files to the server later. + +DISCLAIMER: +All the keys and certificates that we'll generate in this section are +for **private use** only, to handle a small number of trusted clients. +I'm not a cryptography expert, so you should **not** listen to me +for large-scale systems that may involve untrusted devices. + +The first step is to set up a private Certificate Authority (CA), +which issues the client certificates and can be used to verify them. +Start by generating an RSA private key, +which you should store in a safe place and not share with anyone: +```sh +$ openssl genrsa -out mailca.key 2048 +``` +Extract a public certificate from this key as follows. +Because we're lazy, we give it a lifetime of 36500 days: +```sh +$ openssl req -new -x509 -days 36500 -key mailca.key -out mailca.crt +``` +When running this command, OpenSSL will ask you some questions +about who this certificate is intended for. +Since this is for personal use, your answers don't matter, +so just use the defaults. +Some fields (I think only *Country Name* and *Organization Name*) +cannot be empty, but the others can. + +Moving on to the client, once again generate an RSA private key: +```sh +$ openssl genrsa -out mailclient.key 2048 +``` +From this private key, create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) +as follows, where you'll be asked the same questions as before: +```sh +$ openssl req -new -key mailclient.key -out mailclient.csr +``` +By feeding this CSR to the CA, we can create a signed client certificate +that can be verified using the CA's public certificate. +```sh +$ openssl x509 -req -in mailclient.csr -out mailclient.crt \ +