From 6ce0bb9a8f9fd7d169cbb414a9537d68c5290aae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Prefetch Date: Fri, 14 Oct 2022 23:25:28 +0200 Subject: Initial commit after migration from Hugo --- source/_includes/footer.html | 8 + source/_includes/navigation.html | 9 + source/_includes/preamble.html | 9 + source/_layouts/blog.html | 8 + source/_layouts/category.html | 34 + source/_layouts/concept.html | 21 + source/_layouts/default.html | 12 + source/blog/2020/email-server-extras/index.md | 431 ++++++++++++ source/blog/2020/email-server/index.md | 729 +++++++++++++++++++++ source/blog/2022/email-server-revisited/index.md | 302 +++++++++ .../email-server-revisited/microsoft-bounce.png | Bin 0 -> 24184 bytes source/blog/2022/things-i-use/index.md | 156 +++++ source/blog/index.md | 30 + source/index.md | 19 + source/infra/css/katex.min.css | 1 + source/infra/css/main.css | 99 +++ source/infra/css/syntax.css | 147 +++++ source/infra/font/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 63632 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 33516 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 28076 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.ttf | Bin 0 -> 12368 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.woff | Bin 0 -> 7716 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 6912 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 12344 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 7656 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 6908 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.ttf | Bin 0 -> 19584 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.woff | Bin 0 -> 13296 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 11348 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 19572 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 13208 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 11316 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Bold.ttf | Bin 0 -> 51336 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Bold.woff | Bin 0 -> 29912 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Bold.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 25324 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic.ttf | Bin 0 -> 32968 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic.woff | Bin 0 -> 19412 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 16780 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Italic.ttf | Bin 0 -> 33580 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Italic.woff | Bin 0 -> 19676 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Italic.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 16988 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 53580 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 30772 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 26272 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.ttf | Bin 0 -> 31196 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.woff | Bin 0 -> 18668 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 16400 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-Italic.ttf | Bin 0 -> 31308 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-Italic.woff | Bin 0 -> 18748 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-Italic.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 16440 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.ttf | Bin 0 -> 24504 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.woff | Bin 0 -> 14408 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 12216 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.ttf | Bin 0 -> 22364 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.woff | Bin 0 -> 14112 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 12028 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 19436 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 12316 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 10344 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Script-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 16648 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Script-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 10588 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Script-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 9644 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 12228 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 6496 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 5468 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 11508 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 6188 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 5208 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 7588 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 4420 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 3624 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 10364 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 5980 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 4928 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.ttf | Bin 0 -> 27556 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.woff | Bin 0 -> 16028 bytes source/infra/font/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.woff2 | Bin 0 -> 13568 bytes source/infra/image/favicon.ico | Bin 0 -> 2494 bytes source/infra/image/logo256.png | Bin 0 -> 7152 bytes source/infra/image/logo96x64.gif | Bin 0 -> 467 bytes source/infra/js/katex.min.js | 1 + source/know/category/algorithms/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/classical-mechanics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/complex-analysis/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/continuum-physics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/cryptography/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/electromagnetism/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/fiber-optics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/fluid-dynamics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/fluid-mechanics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/fluid-statics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/index.md | 33 + source/know/category/laser-theory/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/mathematics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/measure-theory/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/nonlinear-optics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/numerical-methods/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/optics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/perturbation/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/physics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/plasma-physics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/plasma-waves/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/quantum-information/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/quantum-mechanics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/statistics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/stochastic-analysis/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/surface-tension/index.md | 4 + .../know/category/thermodynamic-ensembles/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/thermodynamics/index.md | 4 + source/know/category/two-level-system/index.md | 4 + source/know/concept/alfven-waves/index.md | 243 +++++++ source/know/concept/archimedes-principle/index.md | 89 +++ source/know/concept/bb84-protocol/index.md | 233 +++++++ source/know/concept/bell-state/index.md | 93 +++ source/know/concept/bells-theorem/index.md | 372 +++++++++++ source/know/concept/beltrami-identity/index.md | 134 ++++ source/know/concept/bernoullis-theorem/index.md | 85 +++ .../bernstein-vazirani-circuit.png | Bin 0 -> 8510 bytes .../concept/bernstein-vazirani-algorithm/index.md | 101 +++ source/know/concept/berry-phase/index.md | 213 ++++++ source/know/concept/binomial-distribution/index.md | 220 +++++++ .../know/concept/blasius-boundary-layer/index.md | 113 ++++ source/know/concept/bloch-sphere/bloch-small.jpg | Bin 0 -> 37110 bytes source/know/concept/bloch-sphere/bloch.jpg | Bin 0 -> 98023 bytes source/know/concept/bloch-sphere/index.md | 133 ++++ source/know/concept/blochs-theorem/index.md | 110 ++++ source/know/concept/boltzmann-equation/index.md | 357 ++++++++++ source/know/concept/boltzmann-relation/index.md | 90 +++ .../concept/bose-einstein-distribution/index.md | 77 +++ .../know/concept/calculus-of-variations/index.md | 339 ++++++++++ source/know/concept/canonical-ensemble/index.md | 239 +++++++ source/know/concept/capillary-action/index.md | 125 ++++ .../know/concept/cauchy-principal-value/index.md | 52 ++ source/know/concept/cauchy-strain-tensor/index.md | 325 +++++++++ source/know/concept/cauchy-stress-tensor/index.md | 238 +++++++ source/know/concept/cavitation/index.md | 113 ++++ source/know/concept/central-limit-theorem/index.md | 203 ++++++ .../know/concept/conditional-expectation/index.md | 172 +++++ source/know/concept/convolution-theorem/index.md | 116 ++++ source/know/concept/coulomb-logarithm/index.md | 197 ++++++ source/know/concept/coupled-mode-theory/index.md | 230 +++++++ source/know/concept/curvature/index.md | 389 +++++++++++ .../know/concept/curvilinear-coordinates/index.md | 380 +++++++++++ .../cylindrical-parabolic-coordinates/index.md | 182 +++++ .../concept/cylindrical-polar-coordinates/index.md | 200 ++++++ source/know/concept/debye-length/index.md | 150 +++++ source/know/concept/density-of-states/index.md | 153 +++++ source/know/concept/density-operator/index.md | 131 ++++ source/know/concept/detailed-balance/index.md | 232 +++++++ .../deutsch-jozsa-algorithm/deutsch-circuit.png | Bin 0 -> 3557 bytes .../deutsch-jozsa-circuit.png | Bin 0 -> 7788 bytes .../know/concept/deutsch-jozsa-algorithm/index.md | 229 +++++++ source/know/concept/dielectric-function/index.md | 138 ++++ .../concept/diffie-hellman-key-exchange/index.md | 75 +++ source/know/concept/dirac-delta-function/index.md | 119 ++++ source/know/concept/dirac-notation/index.md | 130 ++++ source/know/concept/dispersive-broadening/index.md | 96 +++ .../dispersive-broadening/pheno-disp-small.jpg | Bin 0 -> 95385 bytes .../concept/dispersive-broadening/pheno-disp.jpg | Bin 0 -> 285990 bytes source/know/concept/drude-model/index.md | 228 +++++++ source/know/concept/dynkins-formula/index.md | 193 ++++++ source/know/concept/dyson-equation/index.md | 169 +++++ source/know/concept/ehrenfests-theorem/index.md | 131 ++++ source/know/concept/einstein-coefficients/index.md | 341 ++++++++++ source/know/concept/elastic-collision/index.md | 154 +++++ .../concept/electric-dipole-approximation/index.md | 165 +++++ source/know/concept/electric-field/index.md | 126 ++++ .../concept/electromagnetic-wave-equation/index.md | 246 +++++++ .../concept/equation-of-motion-theory/index.md | 197 ++++++ source/know/concept/euler-bernoulli-law/index.md | 308 +++++++++ source/know/concept/euler-equations/index.md | 182 +++++ source/know/concept/fabry-perot-cavity/cavity.png | Bin 0 -> 11749 bytes source/know/concept/fabry-perot-cavity/index.md | 233 +++++++ .../know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/index.md | 80 +++ source/know/concept/fermis-golden-rule/index.md | 86 +++ .../know/concept/feynman-diagram/conservation.png | Bin 0 -> 6878 bytes source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/freegf.png | Bin 0 -> 3226 bytes source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/fullgf.png | Bin 0 -> 3292 bytes source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/index.md | 332 ++++++++++ .../know/concept/feynman-diagram/interaction.png | Bin 0 -> 4811 bytes .../know/concept/feynman-diagram/perturbation.png | Bin 0 -> 1727 bytes source/know/concept/ficks-laws/index.md | 165 +++++ source/know/concept/fourier-transform/index.md | 245 +++++++ source/know/concept/fredholm-alternative/index.md | 61 ++ source/know/concept/fundamental-solution/index.md | 145 ++++ .../fundamental-thermodynamic-relation/index.md | 53 ++ source/know/concept/ghz-paradox/index.md | 115 ++++ .../know/concept/grad-shafranov-equation/index.md | 226 +++++++ source/know/concept/gram-schmidt-method/index.md | 49 ++ .../know/concept/grand-canonical-ensemble/index.md | 74 +++ source/know/concept/greens-functions/index.md | 390 +++++++++++ .../concept/gronwall-bellman-inequality/index.md | 204 ++++++ source/know/concept/guiding-center-theory/index.md | 516 +++++++++++++++ .../concept/hagen-poiseuille-equation/index.md | 197 ++++++ source/know/concept/hamiltonian-mechanics/index.md | 308 +++++++++ source/know/concept/harmonic-oscillator/index.md | 287 ++++++++ .../know/concept/heaviside-step-function/index.md | 96 +++ source/know/concept/heisenberg-picture/index.md | 115 ++++ .../know/concept/hellmann-feynman-theorem/index.md | 91 +++ source/know/concept/hermite-polynomials/index.md | 94 +++ source/know/concept/hilbert-space/index.md | 196 ++++++ source/know/concept/holomorphic-function/index.md | 189 ++++++ source/know/concept/hookes-law/index.md | 239 +++++++ source/know/concept/hydrostatic-pressure/index.md | 211 ++++++ source/know/concept/imaginary-time/index.md | 173 +++++ source/know/concept/impulse-response/index.md | 81 +++ source/know/concept/index.md | 33 + source/know/concept/interaction-picture/index.md | 211 ++++++ source/know/concept/ion-sound-wave/index.md | 261 ++++++++ source/know/concept/ito-integral/index.md | 268 ++++++++ source/know/concept/ito-process/index.md | 361 ++++++++++ source/know/concept/jellium/index.md | 416 ++++++++++++ source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations/index.md | 246 +++++++ .../know/concept/kramers-kronig-relations/index.md | 135 ++++ source/know/concept/kubo-formula/index.md | 170 +++++ source/know/concept/lagrange-multiplier/index.md | 121 ++++ source/know/concept/lagrangian-mechanics/index.md | 129 ++++ source/know/concept/laguerre-polynomials/index.md | 125 ++++ source/know/concept/landau-quantization/index.md | 122 ++++ source/know/concept/langmuir-waves/index.md | 256 ++++++++ source/know/concept/laplace-transform/index.md | 125 ++++ source/know/concept/larmor-precession/index.md | 102 +++ source/know/concept/laser-rate-equations/index.md | 324 +++++++++ .../know/concept/laws-of-thermodynamics/index.md | 103 +++ source/know/concept/lawson-criterion/index.md | 127 ++++ source/know/concept/legendre-polynomials/index.md | 119 ++++ source/know/concept/legendre-transform/index.md | 91 +++ .../know/concept/lehmann-representation/index.md | 228 +++++++ source/know/concept/lindhard-function/index.md | 400 +++++++++++ source/know/concept/lorentz-force/index.md | 190 ++++++ source/know/concept/lubrication-theory/index.md | 215 ++++++ source/know/concept/magnetic-field/index.md | 104 +++ source/know/concept/magnetohydrodynamics/index.md | 398 +++++++++++ source/know/concept/markov-process/index.md | 61 ++ source/know/concept/martingale/index.md | 62 ++ source/know/concept/material-derivative/index.md | 115 ++++ .../concept/matsubara-greens-function/index.md | 390 +++++++++++ source/know/concept/matsubara-sum/index.md | 142 ++++ .../know/concept/maxwell-bloch-equations/index.md | 447 +++++++++++++ .../maxwell-boltzmann-distribution/index.md | 214 ++++++ source/know/concept/maxwell-relations/index.md | 290 ++++++++ source/know/concept/maxwells-equations/index.md | 259 ++++++++ source/know/concept/meniscus/index.md | 189 ++++++ source/know/concept/metacentric-height/index.md | 179 +++++ source/know/concept/metacentric-height/sketch.png | Bin 0 -> 71440 bytes .../know/concept/microcanonical-ensemble/index.md | 120 ++++ .../know/concept/modulational-instability/index.md | 202 ++++++ .../modulational-instability/pheno-mi-small.jpg | Bin 0 -> 72375 bytes .../concept/modulational-instability/pheno-mi.jpg | Bin 0 -> 256629 bytes .../know/concept/multi-photon-absorption/index.md | 353 ++++++++++ .../know/concept/navier-cauchy-equation/index.md | 108 +++ .../know/concept/navier-stokes-equations/index.md | 128 ++++ source/know/concept/newtons-bucket/index.md | 91 +++ source/know/concept/no-cloning-theorem/index.md | 70 ++ source/know/concept/optical-wave-breaking/index.md | 229 +++++++ .../pheno-break-inst-small.jpg | Bin 0 -> 38886 bytes .../optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break-inst.jpg | Bin 0 -> 107870 bytes .../pheno-break-sgram-small.jpg | Bin 0 -> 173644 bytes .../optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break-sgram.jpg | Bin 0 -> 518792 bytes .../optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break-small.jpg | Bin 0 -> 71450 bytes .../concept/optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break.jpg | Bin 0 -> 242935 bytes source/know/concept/parsevals-theorem/index.md | 82 +++ .../partial-fraction-decomposition/index.md | 61 ++ .../concept/path-integral-formulation/index.md | 182 +++++ .../concept/pauli-exclusion-principle/index.md | 119 ++++ source/know/concept/plancks-law/index.md | 140 ++++ source/know/concept/prandtl-equations/index.md | 205 ++++++ source/know/concept/probability-current/index.md | 99 +++ source/know/concept/propagator/index.md | 69 ++ source/know/concept/pulay-mixing/index.md | 160 +++++ source/know/concept/quantum-entanglement/index.md | 151 +++++ .../concept/quantum-fourier-transform/index.md | 198 ++++++ .../qft-circuit-noswap.png | Bin 0 -> 17787 bytes .../quantum-fourier-transform/qft-circuit-swap.png | Bin 0 -> 18276 bytes source/know/concept/quantum-gate/cnot.png | Bin 0 -> 1709 bytes source/know/concept/quantum-gate/cu.png | Bin 0 -> 1515 bytes source/know/concept/quantum-gate/index.md | 296 +++++++++ source/know/concept/quantum-gate/swap.png | Bin 0 -> 1274 bytes source/know/concept/quantum-teleportation/index.md | 145 ++++ source/know/concept/rabi-oscillation/index.md | 215 ++++++ .../concept/random-phase-approximation/dyson.png | Bin 0 -> 4008 bytes .../concept/random-phase-approximation/index.md | 179 +++++ .../random-phase-approximation/pairbubble.png | Bin 0 -> 4794 bytes .../random-phase-approximation/rpasigma.png | Bin 0 -> 10310 bytes .../random-phase-approximation/screened.png | Bin 0 -> 7338 bytes source/know/concept/random-variable/index.md | 202 ++++++ .../concept/rayleigh-plateau-instability/index.md | 282 ++++++++ .../concept/rayleigh-plesset-equation/index.md | 132 ++++ source/know/concept/reduced-mass/index.md | 134 ++++ source/know/concept/renyi-entropy/index.md | 108 +++ .../concept/repetition-code/bit-flip-detect.png | Bin 0 -> 8481 bytes .../concept/repetition-code/bit-flip-encode.png | Bin 0 -> 4453 bytes source/know/concept/repetition-code/index.md | 343 ++++++++++ .../concept/repetition-code/phase-flip-detect.png | Bin 0 -> 12371 bytes .../concept/repetition-code/phase-flip-encode.png | Bin 0 -> 6112 bytes .../concept/repetition-code/shor-code-encode.png | Bin 0 -> 15043 bytes source/know/concept/residue-theorem/index.md | 71 ++ source/know/concept/reynolds-number/index.md | 158 +++++ source/know/concept/ritz-method/index.md | 369 +++++++++++ .../concept/rotating-wave-approximation/index.md | 120 ++++ source/know/concept/runge-kutta-method/index.md | 261 ++++++++ source/know/concept/rutherford-scattering/index.md | 242 +++++++ .../concept/rutherford-scattering/one-body.png | Bin 0 -> 23646 bytes .../concept/rutherford-scattering/two-body.png | Bin 0 -> 15703 bytes source/know/concept/salt-equation/index.md | 281 ++++++++ source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution/index.md | 120 ++++ source/know/concept/screw-pinch/index.md | 203 ++++++ source/know/concept/second-quantization/index.md | 326 +++++++++ source/know/concept/selection-rules/index.md | 698 ++++++++++++++++++++ source/know/concept/self-energy/dyson.png | Bin 0 -> 5853 bytes source/know/concept/self-energy/fullgf.png | Bin 0 -> 6127 bytes source/know/concept/self-energy/index.md | 307 +++++++++ source/know/concept/self-energy/selfenergy.png | Bin 0 -> 10213 bytes source/know/concept/self-phase-modulation/index.md | 98 +++ .../self-phase-modulation/pheno-spm-small.jpg | Bin 0 -> 121984 bytes .../concept/self-phase-modulation/pheno-spm.jpg | Bin 0 -> 395877 bytes source/know/concept/self-steepening/index.md | 140 ++++ .../concept/self-steepening/pheno-steep-small.jpg | Bin 0 -> 91324 bytes .../know/concept/self-steepening/pheno-steep.jpg | Bin 0 -> 327309 bytes source/know/concept/shors-algorithm/index.md | 301 +++++++++ .../know/concept/shors-algorithm/shors-circuit.png | Bin 0 -> 15662 bytes source/know/concept/sigma-algebra/index.md | 54 ++ source/know/concept/simons-algorithm/index.md | 184 ++++++ .../concept/simons-algorithm/simons-circuit.png | Bin 0 -> 13549 bytes source/know/concept/slater-determinant/index.md | 48 ++ .../concept/sokhotski-plemelj-theorem/index.md | 109 +++ source/know/concept/spherical-coordinates/index.md | 205 ++++++ source/know/concept/spitzer-resistivity/index.md | 103 +++ source/know/concept/step-index-fiber/bessel.jpg | Bin 0 -> 315522 bytes source/know/concept/step-index-fiber/index.md | 421 ++++++++++++ source/know/concept/step-index-fiber/modes.jpg | Bin 0 -> 194481 bytes source/know/concept/stochastic-process/index.md | 58 ++ source/know/concept/stokes-law/index.md | 366 +++++++++++ .../know/concept/sturm-liouville-theory/index.md | 345 ++++++++++ source/know/concept/superdense-coding/index.md | 71 ++ .../know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/index.md | 273 ++++++++ .../time-dependent-perturbation-theory/index.md | 202 ++++++ .../time-independent-perturbation-theory/index.md | 331 ++++++++++ source/know/concept/time-ordered-product/index.md | 118 ++++ source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/and.png | Bin 0 -> 3137 bytes source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/index.md | 94 +++ source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/nand.png | Bin 0 -> 3227 bytes source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/not.png | Bin 0 -> 2425 bytes source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/or.png | Bin 0 -> 7243 bytes source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/toffoli.png | Bin 0 -> 1486 bytes source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/xor.png | Bin 0 -> 3050 bytes source/know/concept/two-fluid-equations/index.md | 273 ++++++++ source/know/concept/viscosity/index.md | 94 +++ source/know/concept/von-neumann-extractor/index.md | 79 +++ source/know/concept/vorticity/index.md | 159 +++++ source/know/concept/wetting/index.md | 127 ++++ source/know/concept/wicks-theorem/index.md | 188 ++++++ source/know/concept/wiener-process/index.md | 186 ++++++ source/know/concept/wkb-approximation/index.md | 200 ++++++ source/know/concept/young-dupre-relation/index.md | 98 +++ source/know/concept/young-laplace-law/index.md | 94 +++ source/know/index.md | 48 ++ source/robots.txt | 3 + 358 files changed, 38225 insertions(+) create mode 100644 source/_includes/footer.html create mode 100644 source/_includes/navigation.html create mode 100644 source/_includes/preamble.html create mode 100644 source/_layouts/blog.html create mode 100644 source/_layouts/category.html create mode 100644 source/_layouts/concept.html create mode 100644 source/_layouts/default.html create mode 100644 source/blog/2020/email-server-extras/index.md create mode 100644 source/blog/2020/email-server/index.md create mode 100644 source/blog/2022/email-server-revisited/index.md create mode 100644 source/blog/2022/email-server-revisited/microsoft-bounce.png create mode 100644 source/blog/2022/things-i-use/index.md create mode 100644 source/blog/index.md create mode 100644 source/index.md create mode 100644 source/infra/css/katex.min.css create mode 100644 source/infra/css/main.css create mode 100644 source/infra/css/syntax.css create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_AMS-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Bold.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Bold.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Bold.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Italic.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Italic.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Italic.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Main-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-Italic.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-Italic.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Math-Italic.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Script-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Script-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Script-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size1-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size2-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size3-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Size4-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.ttf create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.woff create mode 100644 source/infra/font/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular.woff2 create mode 100644 source/infra/image/favicon.ico create mode 100644 source/infra/image/logo256.png create mode 100644 source/infra/image/logo96x64.gif create mode 100644 source/infra/js/katex.min.js create mode 100644 source/know/category/algorithms/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/classical-mechanics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/complex-analysis/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/continuum-physics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/cryptography/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/electromagnetism/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/fiber-optics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/fluid-dynamics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/fluid-mechanics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/fluid-statics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/laser-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/mathematics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/measure-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/nonlinear-optics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/numerical-methods/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/optics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/perturbation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/physics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/plasma-physics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/plasma-waves/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/quantum-information/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/quantum-mechanics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/statistics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/stochastic-analysis/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/surface-tension/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/thermodynamic-ensembles/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/thermodynamics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/category/two-level-system/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/alfven-waves/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/archimedes-principle/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bb84-protocol/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bell-state/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bells-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/beltrami-identity/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bernoullis-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bernstein-vazirani-algorithm/bernstein-vazirani-circuit.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bernstein-vazirani-algorithm/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/berry-phase/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/binomial-distribution/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/blasius-boundary-layer/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bloch-sphere/bloch-small.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bloch-sphere/bloch.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bloch-sphere/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/blochs-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/boltzmann-equation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/boltzmann-relation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/bose-einstein-distribution/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/calculus-of-variations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/canonical-ensemble/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/capillary-action/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/cauchy-principal-value/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/cauchy-strain-tensor/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/cauchy-stress-tensor/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/cavitation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/central-limit-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/conditional-expectation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/convolution-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/coulomb-logarithm/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/coupled-mode-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/curvature/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/curvilinear-coordinates/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/cylindrical-parabolic-coordinates/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/cylindrical-polar-coordinates/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/debye-length/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/density-of-states/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/density-operator/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/detailed-balance/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/deutsch-jozsa-algorithm/deutsch-circuit.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/deutsch-jozsa-algorithm/deutsch-jozsa-circuit.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/deutsch-jozsa-algorithm/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/dielectric-function/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/diffie-hellman-key-exchange/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/dirac-delta-function/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/dirac-notation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/dispersive-broadening/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/dispersive-broadening/pheno-disp-small.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/dispersive-broadening/pheno-disp.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/drude-model/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/dynkins-formula/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/dyson-equation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/ehrenfests-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/einstein-coefficients/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/elastic-collision/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/electric-dipole-approximation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/electric-field/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/electromagnetic-wave-equation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/equation-of-motion-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/euler-bernoulli-law/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/euler-equations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/fabry-perot-cavity/cavity.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/fabry-perot-cavity/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/fermis-golden-rule/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/conservation.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/freegf.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/fullgf.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/interaction.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/feynman-diagram/perturbation.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/ficks-laws/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/fourier-transform/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/fredholm-alternative/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/fundamental-solution/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/fundamental-thermodynamic-relation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/ghz-paradox/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/grad-shafranov-equation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/gram-schmidt-method/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/grand-canonical-ensemble/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/greens-functions/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/gronwall-bellman-inequality/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/guiding-center-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/hagen-poiseuille-equation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/hamiltonian-mechanics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/harmonic-oscillator/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/heaviside-step-function/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/heisenberg-picture/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/hellmann-feynman-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/hermite-polynomials/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/hilbert-space/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/holomorphic-function/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/hookes-law/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/hydrostatic-pressure/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/imaginary-time/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/impulse-response/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/interaction-picture/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/ion-sound-wave/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/ito-integral/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/ito-process/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/jellium/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/kramers-kronig-relations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/kubo-formula/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/lagrange-multiplier/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/lagrangian-mechanics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/laguerre-polynomials/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/landau-quantization/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/langmuir-waves/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/laplace-transform/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/larmor-precession/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/laser-rate-equations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/laws-of-thermodynamics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/lawson-criterion/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/legendre-polynomials/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/legendre-transform/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/lehmann-representation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/lindhard-function/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/lorentz-force/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/lubrication-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/magnetic-field/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/magnetohydrodynamics/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/markov-process/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/martingale/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/material-derivative/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/matsubara-greens-function/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/matsubara-sum/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/maxwell-bloch-equations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/maxwell-relations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/maxwells-equations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/meniscus/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/metacentric-height/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/metacentric-height/sketch.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/microcanonical-ensemble/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/modulational-instability/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/modulational-instability/pheno-mi-small.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/modulational-instability/pheno-mi.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/multi-photon-absorption/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/navier-cauchy-equation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/navier-stokes-equations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/newtons-bucket/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/no-cloning-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/optical-wave-breaking/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break-inst-small.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break-inst.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break-sgram-small.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break-sgram.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break-small.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/optical-wave-breaking/pheno-break.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/parsevals-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/partial-fraction-decomposition/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/path-integral-formulation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/pauli-exclusion-principle/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/plancks-law/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/prandtl-equations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/probability-current/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/propagator/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/pulay-mixing/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-entanglement/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-fourier-transform/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-fourier-transform/qft-circuit-noswap.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-fourier-transform/qft-circuit-swap.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-gate/cnot.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-gate/cu.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-gate/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-gate/swap.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/quantum-teleportation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/rabi-oscillation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/random-phase-approximation/dyson.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/random-phase-approximation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/random-phase-approximation/pairbubble.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/random-phase-approximation/rpasigma.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/random-phase-approximation/screened.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/random-variable/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/rayleigh-plateau-instability/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/rayleigh-plesset-equation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/reduced-mass/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/renyi-entropy/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/repetition-code/bit-flip-detect.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/repetition-code/bit-flip-encode.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/repetition-code/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/repetition-code/phase-flip-detect.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/repetition-code/phase-flip-encode.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/repetition-code/shor-code-encode.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/residue-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/reynolds-number/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/ritz-method/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/rotating-wave-approximation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/runge-kutta-method/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/rutherford-scattering/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/rutherford-scattering/one-body.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/rutherford-scattering/two-body.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/salt-equation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/screw-pinch/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/second-quantization/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/selection-rules/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-energy/dyson.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-energy/fullgf.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-energy/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-energy/selfenergy.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-phase-modulation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-phase-modulation/pheno-spm-small.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-phase-modulation/pheno-spm.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-steepening/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-steepening/pheno-steep-small.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/self-steepening/pheno-steep.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/shors-algorithm/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/shors-algorithm/shors-circuit.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/sigma-algebra/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/simons-algorithm/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/simons-algorithm/simons-circuit.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/slater-determinant/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/sokhotski-plemelj-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/spherical-coordinates/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/spitzer-resistivity/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/step-index-fiber/bessel.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/step-index-fiber/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/step-index-fiber/modes.jpg create mode 100644 source/know/concept/stochastic-process/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/stokes-law/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/sturm-liouville-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/superdense-coding/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/time-dependent-perturbation-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/time-independent-perturbation-theory/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/time-ordered-product/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/and.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/nand.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/not.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/or.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/toffoli.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/toffoli-gate/xor.png create mode 100644 source/know/concept/two-fluid-equations/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/viscosity/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/von-neumann-extractor/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/vorticity/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/wetting/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/wicks-theorem/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/wiener-process/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/wkb-approximation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/young-dupre-relation/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/concept/young-laplace-law/index.md create mode 100644 source/know/index.md create mode 100644 source/robots.txt (limited to 'source') diff --git a/source/_includes/footer.html b/source/_includes/footer.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a11b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_includes/footer.html @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +
+
+© Marcus R.A. Newman, +CC BY-SA 4.0. +
+
+Privacy-friendly statistics by GoatCounter. +
diff --git a/source/_includes/navigation.html b/source/_includes/navigation.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5c835c --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_includes/navigation.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +
+
PREFETCH
+
+blog  +code  +know +
+
+
diff --git a/source/_includes/preamble.html b/source/_includes/preamble.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..312f1cf --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_includes/preamble.html @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +{% if page.layout == "blog" or page.syntax %} + +{% endif %} +{% if page.layout == "concept" or page.maths %} + +{% endif %} + + diff --git a/source/_layouts/blog.html b/source/_layouts/blog.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4049297 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_layouts/blog.html @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- +layout: "default" +--- + +

{{ page.title }}

+ +{{ content | toc_only }} +{{ content | inject_anchors }} diff --git a/source/_layouts/category.html b/source/_layouts/category.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8393bd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_layouts/category.html @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +layout: "default" +--- + +

{{ page.title }}

+ +{% assign by_letter = site.pages + | where_exp: "item", "item.layout == 'concept'" + | where_exp: "item", "item.categories contains page.title" + | group_by_exp: "item", "item.title | truncate: 1, ''" + | sort: "name" +%} + +

+This is an alphabetical list of the concepts in this category. +

+ +
+‐ +{% for letter in by_letter %} +{{ letter.name }} +‐ +{% endfor %} +
+ +{% for letter in by_letter %} +

{{ letter.name }}

+ +{% endfor %} diff --git a/source/_layouts/concept.html b/source/_layouts/concept.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a0849c --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_layouts/concept.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +layout: "default" +--- + +

+{% assign categories = page.categories | sort %} +Categories: +{% for category in categories %} +{% assign url = category | slugify %} +{{ category }}{% if forloop.last == false %},{% endif %}{% endfor %}. +

+ +

{{ page.title }}

+ +{% capture markdown_after_katex %} +{% katexmm %} +{{ page.content }} +{% endkatexmm %} +{% endcapture %} + +{{ markdown_after_katex | markdownify }} diff --git a/source/_layouts/default.html b/source/_layouts/default.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f1cac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/source/_layouts/default.html @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + + +{% include preamble.html %} +{{ page.title }} | {{ site.title }} + + +{% include navigation.html %} +{{ content }} +{% include footer.html %} + + diff --git a/source/blog/2020/email-server-extras/index.md b/source/blog/2020/email-server-extras/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b19819b --- /dev/null +++ b/source/blog/2020/email-server-extras/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,431 @@ +--- +title: "Setting up an email server in 2020 with OpenSMTPD and Dovecot: extras" +date: 2020-04-28 +layout: "blog" +toc: true +--- + +This sequel to my post +"[Setting up an email server in 2020 with OpenSMTPD and Dovecot](/blog/2020/email-server/)" +gives extra tips and tricks to extend your email setup. +See also the sequel's sequel, +"[Revisiting my email server in 2022](/blog/2022/email-server-revisited/)". + +Last updated on 2022-09-12. + + +## General + +### Multiple domains + +You can generalize your setup to handle multiple domains +with very little effort. In the following, +I'll assume that your two domains are called `foo.com` and `bar.com`. + + +#### DNS records + +There should be MX, SPF, DKIM and DMARC records for both domains, +as explained in the previous guide. Fortunately, these records +can have identical contents for both domains! + +However, it remains essential that the mail server's mailname +and reverse DNS domain name match up exactly, +so you should create MX records with that in mind. +Therefore, if the email server for both domains has `mx1.foo.com` +as reverse DNS name, the MX records should look like this: +```sh +foo.com. MX 42 mx1.foo.com. +bar.com. MX 42 mx1.foo.com. +``` +This is perfectly valid: the only thing that matters is that +what your SMTP server calls itself agrees with what reverse DNS +says that the server is actually called. + + +#### Dovecot + +To make Dovecot aware of multiple domains, +you only need to update the `/etc/dovecot/users` file +to add accounts for both domains. +However, in the original guide, I said to only write `user` +in the file, without the `@foo.com`, for an address `user@foo.com`. +Unsurprisingly, that isn't an option for multiple domains, +so you must put the full address in `/etc/dovecot/users`. + +Then update `/etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf` to reflect that, +by changing `%n` to `%u` in `username_format`: +```sh +userdb { + driver = passwd-file + args = username_format=%u /etc/dovecot/users + override_fields = uid=vmail gid=vmail home=/home/vmail/%d/%n +} +``` +Also note the change in the `home` setting: +the inbox of a user `user@foo.com` will now be stored +in `/home/vmail/foo.com/user`. +That's all you need to change. + + +#### OpenSMTPD + +To inform OpenSMTPD of all the domains, +create a new file `/etc/smtpd/domains`, +and in there put all desired names on their own line: +```sh +foo.com +bar.com +``` +And as I mentioned when discussing the DNS records, +you should check that `/etc/smtpd/mailname` agrees +with your server's reverse DNS. + +Then, in the main configuration file, tell OpenSMTPD to +use the new domains file when deciding whether to accept an message, +by declaring a new table and changing the `match` line for inbound mail: +```sh +table domains "/etc/smtpd/domains" +# ... +match from any for domain action "RECV" +``` + +#### Rspamd + +The last thing to do is to inform Rspamd of the multiple domains. +It's really easy: simply add multiple domain blocks: +```c +domain { + foo.com { + path = "/path/to/dkim/private.key"; + selector = "hello"; + } +} +domain { + bar.com { + path = "/path/to/dkim/private.key"; + selector = "world"; + } +} +``` + +### Advanced security + +SPF, DKIM and DMARC are email's traditional DNS-based security systems, +but in 2018 the IETF released [RFC 8460](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8460) and [RFC 8461](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8461.txt), +which respectively define TLSRPT and MTA-STS, +two fancy new systems focused on TLS-encrypted email transport. + +These security mechanisms are pretty new, +so you won't get a huge benefit from enabling them, +but big email providers' draconian spam filters might like it. + + +#### TLSRPT + +TLS reporting, or TLSRPT for short, is very simple: +all it does is provide a contact email address in case +somebody has trouble with the TLS configuration of your SMTP server. + +To enable it for your custom email domain `example.com`, +simply create a DNS TXT record for the `_smtp._tls` subdomain: +```sh +_smtp._tls.example.com. TXT "v=TLSRPTv1; rua=mailto:" +``` +Where `` is an email address of your choosing. +That's all! + + +#### MTA-STS + +MTA Strict Transport Security (MTA-STS) tells other servers +that you take TLS encryption of messages very seriously, +so they should avoid sending you unencrypted email, +and should only accept certain certificates from your side. + +Compared to the previously discussed DNS-based security extensions, +MTA-STS is a bit more work to set up, +because you'll also need an HTTP web server. + +The DNS part is still pretty simple: +create yet another DNS TXT record, +this time for the subdomain `_mta-sts`: +```sh +_mta-sts.example.com. TXT "v=STSv1; id=" +``` +The `` should identify the version of your policy, +so other servers can quickly see if something changed. +I recommend using today's date. + +For the next part, I'll assume that you already have +a web server running on a server with the IP address `1.2.3.4`. +I use [nginx](https://nginx.org/) for this, running +on the same server as OpenSMTPD and Dovecot, +but you don't have to do the same. + +Create an A record which binds your server +to the subdomain `mta-sts` (without underscore): +```sh +mta-sts.example.com. A 1.2.3.4 +``` +Set your web server to serve the file +`https://mta-sts.example.com/.well-known/mta-sts.txt` +(we'll discuss that file in a moment). +Note that this policy file **must** be served over HTTPS, +so you need a valid TLS certificate for that domain. + +The contents of the `mta-sts.txt` policy file are as follows, +where `mx1.example.com` and `mx2.example.com` are the hosts +mentioned in `example.com`'s DNS MX records: +```sh +version: STSv1 +mode: enforce +mx: mx1.example.com +mx: mx2.example.com +max_age: +``` +All MX servers must be mentioned this way. +If you're feeling cautious, you may want to set +`mode` to `testing` in the beginning. +This policy is valid for `` seconds, +which is recommended to be several weeks, +but to start with, I suggest using 86400 seconds (one day). +Finally, ensure that this file has CRLF Windows-style line endings. + +To correctly pass an MTA-STS test, the TLS certificate +presented by e.g. `mx1.example.com` should be valid for `mx1.exaple.com`. +To achieve this without needing to manage too many certificates, +you can specify multiple domains when requesting a certificate, +or you can use a wildcard domain (`*.example.com`). +Note, however, that MTA-STS testing tools don't like +the latter option, so I recommend the former. + +Once you're done, check your work by using either +[ESMTP](https://esmtp.email/tools/mta-sts/)'s or [Ayke](https://aykevl.nl/apps/mta-sts/)'s +online MTA-STS validation tools, +ignoring any warnings about DNSSEC or DANE. +If all is good, great! + +Even if you did everything correctly, +these tools will warn you that you're not using DNSSEC/DANE. +It might then be tempting to set that up for even more security, +but I recommend against that for private servers: take a look at [this](https://dane.sys4.de/common_mistakes). + + + +## OpenSMTPD + +### Client certificates (in addition to passwords) + +You can configure OpenSMTPD to request a client certificate +for sending emails, as a second factor for authentication. + +UPDATE: When I wrote this two years ago, it worked, +but now it doesn't anymore, and I can't figure out why. +It seems OpenSMTPD always rejects the client certificates for being self-signed, +even if they can manually be verified for our CA using the `openssl` tool. +I'm leaving this tutorial here for anyone who's interested, +but it's unlikely I'll fix it anytime soon. + + +#### Certificates + +We need to start with some cryptography to create and verify certificates. +I recommend that you do all of this on your trusted *client* device, +and only copy the necessary files to the server later. + +DISCLAIMER: +All the keys and certificates that we'll generate in this section are +for **private use** only, to handle a small number of trusted clients. +I'm not a cryptography expert, so you should **not** listen to me +for large-scale systems that may involve untrusted devices. + +The first step is to set up a private Certificate Authority (CA), +which issues the client certificates and can be used to verify them. +Start by generating an RSA private key, +which you should store in a safe place and not share with anyone: +```sh +$ openssl genrsa -out mailca.key 2048 +``` +Extract a public certificate from this key as follows. +Because we're lazy, we give it a lifetime of 36500 days: +```sh +$ openssl req -new -x509 -days 36500 -key mailca.key -out mailca.crt +``` +When running this command, OpenSSL will ask you some questions +about who this certificate is intended for. +Since this is for personal use, your answers don't matter, +so just use the defaults. +Some fields (I think only *Country Name* and *Organization Name*) +cannot be empty, but the others can. + +Moving on to the client, once again generate an RSA private key: +```sh +$ openssl genrsa -out mailclient.key 2048 +``` +From this private key, create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) +as follows, where you'll be asked the same questions as before: +```sh +$ openssl req -new -key mailclient.key -out mailclient.csr +``` +By feeding this CSR to the CA, we can create a signed client certificate +that can be verified using the CA's public certificate. +```sh +$ openssl x509 -req -in mailclient.csr -out mailclient.crt \ + -days 36499 -CA mailca.crt -CAkey mailca.key +``` +If you want to multiple client certificates, +just repeat the last few steps for each one. + + +#### Server + +OpenSMTPD needs to verify the validity of client certificates +using the CA's public certificate, so you should copy that +to somewhere on the server, e.g. `/etc/smtpd/mailca.crt`, +and declare it to OpenSMTPD by adding this near +the top of `/etc/smtpd/smtpd.conf`: +```sh +ca "mailca" cert "/etc/smtpd/mailca.crt" +``` +Then replace the entire configuration for outbound mail as follows. +Note that this removes SMTPS support, leaving only STARTTLS: +```sh +# Outbound +listen on eth0 port 587 tls-require verify pki "example.com" ca "mailca" auth filter "rspamd" +action "SEND" relay srs +match from any auth for any action "SEND" +``` +The magic word here is "`verify`", which tells OpenSMTPD +to ask for a client certificate and to verify it using the given CA. + + +#### Client + +Now you won't be able to send emails if your client doesn't +present its certificate to the server! +Unfortunately, not all mail clients support this; personally +I use [Thunderbird](https://www.thunderbird.net/) with success. +I won't include any client-specific configuration here, +but I will say this: + +For some clients (like Thunderbird), you'll have an easier time +importing your client certificate if you encode it in the +[PKCS #12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_12) storage format: +```sh +$ openssl pkcs12 -export -in mailclient.crt -inkey mailclient.key \ + -certfile mailca.crt -out mailclient.pfx +``` +OpenSSL will ask you to set a password, which you'll need to +enter again when importing the certificate into the client. + + + +### ~~Client certificates (instead of passwords)~~ + +UPDATE: Don't do this. +As said above, OpenSMTPD's certificate verification is a mystery, +so for all I know, if you follow the instructions in this subsection, +you might find yourself running an *open* SMTP relay! +That would be bad, because anyone on the Internet +could send emails through your server with zero authentication. +In theory, the client certificates act as authentication, +but, again, the verification process is mysterious, +so I'm just not confident enough to say. + +If you really want to, you can use the client certificates +as a substitute for passwords. This is especially useful +if you set up a catchall inbox in Dovecot, +because this will allow you to send emails +from arbitrary addresses from your domain. + +To do this, follow the same procedure as in the previous section, +but with a slightly different OpenSMTPD configuration: +```sh +listen on eth0 port 587 tls-require verify pki "example.com" ca "mailca" filter "rspamd" tag "VALID" +action "SEND" relay srs +match from any tag "VALID" for any action "SEND" +``` +All incoming connections that present a good certificate +will be tagged as being `VALID`, and their mail will be relayed. + +Unfortunately, we're not quite done yet here, +because Rspamd is now very confused... + + +#### Rspamd + +When OpenSMTPD passes a message through Rspamd, it also includes +some metadata, most notably whether the sender has authenticated +successfully with OpenSMTPD