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+---
+title: "Dirac notation"
+firstLetter: "D"
+publishDate: 2021-02-22
+categories:
+- Quantum mechanics
+- Physics
+
+date: 2021-02-22T21:35:46+01:00
+draft: false
+markup: pandoc
+---
+
+# Dirac notation
+
+**Dirac notation** is a notation to do calculations in a Hilbert space
+without needing to worry about the space's representation. It is
+basically the *lingua franca* of quantum mechanics.
+
+In Dirac notation there are **kets** $\ket{V}$ from the Hilbert space
+$\mathbb{H}$ and **bras** $\bra{V}$ from a dual $\mathbb{H}'$ of the
+former. Crucially, the bras and kets are from different Hilbert spaces
+and therefore cannot be added, but every bra has a corresponding ket and
+vice versa.
+
+Bras and kets can be combined in two ways: the **inner product**
+$\braket{V}{W}$, which returns a scalar, and the **outer product**
+$\ket{V} \bra{W}$, which returns a mapping $\hat{L}$ from kets $\ket{V}$
+to other kets $\ket{V'}$, i.e. a linear operator. Recall that the
+Hilbert inner product must satisfy:
+
+$$\begin{aligned}
+    \braket{V}{W} = \braket{W}{V}^*
+\end{aligned}$$
+
+So far, nothing has been said about the actual representation of bras or
+kets. If we represent kets as $N$-dimensional columns vectors, the
+corresponding bras are given by the kets' adjoints, i.e. their transpose
+conjugates:
+
+$$\begin{aligned}
+    \ket{V} =
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        v_1 \\ \vdots \\ v_N
+    \end{bmatrix}
+    \quad \implies \quad
+    \bra{V} =
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        v_1^* & \cdots & v_N^*
+    \end{bmatrix}
+\end{aligned}$$
+
+The inner product $\braket{V}{W}$ is then just the familiar dot product $V \cdot W$:
+
+$$\begin{gathered}
+    \braket{V}{W}
+    =
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        v_1^* & \cdots & v_N^*
+    \end{bmatrix}
+    \cdot
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        w_1 \\ \vdots \\ w_N
+    \end{bmatrix}
+    = v_1^* w_1 + ... + v_N^* w_N
+\end{gathered}$$
+
+Meanwhile, the outer product $\ket{V} \bra{W}$ creates an $N \cross N$ matrix:
+
+$$\begin{gathered}
+    \ket{V} \bra{W}
+    =
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        v_1 \\ \vdots \\ v_N
+    \end{bmatrix}
+    \cdot
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        w_1^* & \cdots & w_N^*
+    \end{bmatrix}
+    =
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        v_1 w_1^* & \cdots & v_1 w_N^* \\
+        \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
+        v_N w_1^* & \cdots & v_N w_N^*
+    \end{bmatrix}
+\end{gathered}$$
+
+If the kets are instead represented by functions $f(x)$ of
+$x \in [a, b]$, then the bras represent *functionals* $F[u(x)]$ which
+take an unknown function $u(x)$ as an argument and turn it into a scalar
+using integration:
+
+$$\begin{aligned}
+    \ket{f} = f(x)
+    \quad \implies \quad
+    \bra{f}
+    = F[u(x)]
+    = \int_a^b f^*(x) \: u(x) \dd{x}
+\end{aligned}$$
+
+Consequently, the inner product is simply the following familiar integral:
+
+$$\begin{gathered}
+    \braket{f}{g}
+    = F[g(x)]
+    = \int_a^b f^*(x) \: g(x) \dd{x}
+\end{gathered}$$
+
+However, the outer product becomes something rather abstract:
+
+$$\begin{gathered}
+    \ket{f} \bra{g}
+    = f(x) \: G[u(x)]
+    = f(x) \int_a^b g^*(\xi) \: u(\xi) \dd{\xi}
+\end{gathered}$$
+
+This result makes more sense if we surround it by a bra and a ket:
+
+$$\begin{aligned}
+    \bra{u} \!\Big(\!\ket{f} \bra{g}\!\Big)\! \ket{w}
+    &= U\big[f(x) \: G[w(x)]\big]
+    = U\Big[ f(x) \int_a^b g^*(\xi) \: w(\xi) \dd{\xi} \Big]
+    \\
+    &= \int_a^b u^*(x) \: f(x) \: \Big(\int_a^b g^*(\xi) \: w(\xi) \dd{\xi} \Big) \dd{x}
+    \\
+    &= \Big( \int_a^b u^*(x) \: f(x) \dd{x} \Big) \Big( \int_a^b g^*(\xi) \: w(\xi) \dd{\xi} \Big)
+    \\
+    &= \braket{u}{f} \braket{g}{w}
+\end{aligned}$$