diff options
author | Prefetch | 2022-10-20 18:25:31 +0200 |
---|---|---|
committer | Prefetch | 2022-10-20 18:25:31 +0200 |
commit | 16555851b6514a736c5c9d8e73de7da7fc9b6288 (patch) | |
tree | 76b8bfd30f8941d0d85365990bcdbc5d0643cabc /source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations | |
parent | e5b9bce79b68a68ddd2e51daa16d2fea73b84fdb (diff) |
Migrate from 'jekyll-katex' to 'kramdown-math-sskatex'
Diffstat (limited to 'source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations')
-rw-r--r-- | source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations/index.md | 96 |
1 files changed, 48 insertions, 48 deletions
diff --git a/source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations/index.md b/source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations/index.md index 47820ee..1ca2df6 100644 --- a/source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations/index.md +++ b/source/know/concept/kolmogorov-equations/index.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ layout: "concept" --- Consider the following general [Itō diffusion](/know/concept/ito-calculus/) -$X_t \in \mathbb{R}$, which is assumed to satisfy +$$X_t \in \mathbb{R}$$, which is assumed to satisfy the conditions for unique existence on the entire time axis: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = f(X_t, t) \dd{t} + g(X_t, t) \dd{B_t} \end{aligned}$$ -Let $\mathcal{F}_t$ be the filtration to which $X_t$ is adapted, -then we define $Y_s$ as shown below, +Let $$\mathcal{F}_t$$ be the filtration to which $$X_t$$ is adapted, +then we define $$Y_s$$ as shown below, namely as the [conditional expectation](/know/concept/conditional-expectation/) -of $h(X_t)$, for an arbitrary bounded function $h(x)$, -given the information $\mathcal{F}_s$ available at time $s \le t$. -Because $X_t$ is a [Markov process](/know/concept/markov-process/), -$Y_s$ must be $X_s$-measurable, -so it is a function $k$ of $X_s$ and $s$: +of $$h(X_t)$$, for an arbitrary bounded function $$h(x)$$, +given the information $$\mathcal{F}_s$$ available at time $$s \le t$$. +Because $$X_t$$ is a [Markov process](/know/concept/markov-process/), +$$Y_s$$ must be $$X_s$$-measurable, +so it is a function $$k$$ of $$X_s$$ and $$s$$: $$\begin{aligned} Y_s @@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = k(X_s, s) \end{aligned}$$ -Consequently, we can apply Itō's lemma to find $\dd{Y_s}$ -in terms of $k$, $f$ and $g$: +Consequently, we can apply Itō's lemma to find $$\dd{Y_s}$$ +in terms of $$k$$, $$f$$ and $$g$$: $$\begin{aligned} \dd{Y_s} @@ -44,19 +44,19 @@ $$\begin{aligned} &= \bigg( \pdv{k}{s} + \hat{L} k \bigg) \dd{s} + \pdv{k}{x} g \dd{B_s} \end{aligned}$$ -Where we have defined the linear operator $\hat{L}$ -to have the following action on $k$: +Where we have defined the linear operator $$\hat{L}$$ +to have the following action on $$k$$: $$\begin{aligned} \hat{L} k \equiv \pdv{k}{x} f + \frac{1}{2} \pdvn{2}{k}{x} g^2 \end{aligned}$$ -At this point, we need to realize that $Y_s$ is -a [martingale](/know/concept/martingale/) with respect to $\mathcal{F}_s$, -since $Y_s$ is $\mathcal{F}_s$-adapted and finite, +At this point, we need to realize that $$Y_s$$ is +a [martingale](/know/concept/martingale/) with respect to $$\mathcal{F}_s$$, +since $$Y_s$$ is $$\mathcal{F}_s$$-adapted and finite, and it satisfies the martingale property, -for $r \le s \le t$: +for $$r \le s \le t$$: $$\begin{aligned} \mathbf{E}[Y_s | \mathcal{F}_r] @@ -66,20 +66,20 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ Where we used the tower property of conditional expectations, -because $\mathcal{F}_r \subset \mathcal{F}_s$. +because $$\mathcal{F}_r \subset \mathcal{F}_s$$. However, an Itō diffusion can only be a martingale -if its drift term (the one containing $\dd{s}$) vanishes, -so, looking at $\dd{Y_s}$, we must demand that: +if its drift term (the one containing $$\dd{s}$$) vanishes, +so, looking at $$\dd{Y_s}$$, we must demand that: $$\begin{aligned} \pdv{k}{s} + \hat{L} k = 0 \end{aligned}$$ -Because $k(X_s, s)$ is a Markov process, -we can write it with a transition density $p(s, X_s; t, X_t)$, -where in this case $s$ and $X_s$ are given initial conditions, -$t$ is a parameter, and the terminal state $X_t$ is a random variable. +Because $$k(X_s, s)$$ is a Markov process, +we can write it with a transition density $$p(s, X_s; t, X_t)$$, +where in this case $$s$$ and $$X_s$$ are given initial conditions, +$$t$$ is a parameter, and the terminal state $$X_t$$ is a random variable. We thus have: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -87,26 +87,26 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = \int_{-\infty}^\infty p(s, x; t, y) \: h(y) \dd{y} \end{aligned}$$ -We insert this into the equation that we just derived for $k$, yielding: +We insert this into the equation that we just derived for $$k$$, yielding: $$\begin{aligned} 0 = \int_{-\infty}^\infty \!\! \Big( \pdv{}{s}p(s, x; t, y) + \hat{L} p(s, x; t, y) \Big) h(y) \dd{y} \end{aligned}$$ -Because $h$ is arbitrary, and this must be satisfied for all $h$, -the transition density $p$ fulfills: +Because $$h$$ is arbitrary, and this must be satisfied for all $$h$$, +the transition density $$p$$ fulfills: $$\begin{aligned} 0 = \pdv{}{s}p(s, x; t, y) + \hat{L} p(s, x; t, y) \end{aligned}$$ -Here, $t$ is a known parameter and $y$ is a "known" integration variable, -leaving only $s$ and $x$ as free variables for us to choose. -We therefore define the **likelihood function** $\psi(s, x)$, -which gives the likelihood of an initial condition $(s, x)$ -given that the terminal condition is $(t, y)$: +Here, $$t$$ is a known parameter and $$y$$ is a "known" integration variable, +leaving only $$s$$ and $$x$$ as free variables for us to choose. +We therefore define the **likelihood function** $$\psi(s, x)$$, +which gives the likelihood of an initial condition $$(s, x)$$ +given that the terminal condition is $$(t, y)$$: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ And from the above derivation, -we conclude that $\psi$ satisfies the following PDE, +we conclude that $$\psi$$ satisfies the following PDE, known as the **backward Kolmogorov equation**: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ Moving on, we can define the traditional -**probability density function** $\phi(t, y)$ from the transition density $p$, -by fixing the initial $(s, x)$ -and leaving the terminal $(t, y)$ free: +**probability density function** $$\phi(t, y)$$ from the transition density $$p$$, +by fixing the initial $$(s, x)$$ +and leaving the terminal $$(t, y)$$ free: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ @@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ $$\begin{aligned} } \end{aligned}$$ -With this in mind, for $(s, x) = (0, X_0)$, -the unconditional expectation $\mathbf{E}[Y_t]$ +With this in mind, for $$(s, x) = (0, X_0)$$, +the unconditional expectation $$\mathbf{E}[Y_t]$$ (i.e. the conditional expectation without information) -will be constant in time, because $Y_t$ is a martingale: +will be constant in time, because $$Y_t$$ is a martingale: $$\begin{aligned} \mathbf{E}[Y_t] @@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned} This integral has the form of an inner product, so we switch to [Dirac notation](/know/concept/dirac-notation/). -We differentiate with respect to $t$, -and use the backward equation $\ipdv{k}{t} + \hat{L} k = 0$: +We differentiate with respect to $$t$$, +and use the backward equation $$\ipdv{k}{t} + \hat{L} k = 0$$: $$\begin{aligned} 0 @@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = \Inprod{k}{\pdv{\phi}{t} - \hat{L}{}^\dagger \phi} \end{aligned}$$ -Where $\hat{L}{}^\dagger$ is by definition the adjoint operator of $\hat{L}$, +Where $$\hat{L}{}^\dagger$$ is by definition the adjoint operator of $$\hat{L}$$, which we calculate using partial integration, -where all boundary terms vanish thanks to the *existence* of $X_t$; -in other words, $X_t$ cannot reach infinity at any finite $t$, -so the integrand must decay to zero for $|y| \to \infty$: +where all boundary terms vanish thanks to the *existence* of $$X_t$$; +in other words, $$X_t$$ cannot reach infinity at any finite $$t$$, +so the integrand must decay to zero for $$|y| \to \infty$$: $$\begin{aligned} \Inprod{\hat{L} k}{\phi} @@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = \Inprod{k}{\hat{L}{}^\dagger \phi} \end{aligned}$$ -Since $k$ is arbitrary, and $\ipdv{\Inprod{k}{\phi}}{t} = 0$ for all $k$, +Since $$k$$ is arbitrary, and $$\ipdv{\Inprod{k}{\phi}}{t} = 0$$ for all $$k$$, we thus arrive at the **forward Kolmogorov equation**, -describing the evolution of the probability density $\phi(t, y)$: +describing the evolution of the probability density $$\phi(t, y)$$: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ @@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} This can be rewritten in a way that highlights the connection between Itō diffusions and physical diffusion, -if we define the **diffusivity** $D$, **advection** $u$, and **probability flux** $J$: +if we define the **diffusivity** $$D$$, **advection** $$u$$, and **probability flux** $$J$$: $$\begin{aligned} D @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} } \end{aligned}$$ -Note that if $u = 0$, then this reduces to +Note that if $$u = 0$$, then this reduces to [Fick's second law](/know/concept/ficks-laws/). The backward Kolmogorov equation can also be rewritten analogously, although it is less noteworthy: |