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| author | Prefetch | 2022-10-20 18:25:31 +0200 |
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| committer | Prefetch | 2022-10-20 18:25:31 +0200 |
| commit | 16555851b6514a736c5c9d8e73de7da7fc9b6288 (patch) | |
| tree | 76b8bfd30f8941d0d85365990bcdbc5d0643cabc /source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution | |
| parent | e5b9bce79b68a68ddd2e51daa16d2fea73b84fdb (diff) | |
Migrate from 'jekyll-katex' to 'kramdown-math-sskatex'
Diffstat (limited to 'source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution')
| -rw-r--r-- | source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution/index.md | 46 |
1 files changed, 23 insertions, 23 deletions
diff --git a/source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution/index.md b/source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution/index.md index e74dc4a..2492d91 100644 --- a/source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution/index.md +++ b/source/know/concept/schwartz-distribution/index.md @@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ the [Dirac delta function](/know/concept/dirac-delta-function/) and the [Heaviside step function](/know/concept/heaviside-step-function/), whose unusual properties are justified by this generalization. -We define the **Schwartz space** $\mathcal{S}$ of functions, +We define the **Schwartz space** $$\mathcal{S}$$ of functions, whose members are often called **test functions**. -Every such $\phi(x) \in \mathcal{S}$ must satisfy -the following constraint for any $p, q \in \mathbb{N}$: +Every such $$\phi(x) \in \mathcal{S}$$ must satisfy +the following constraint for any $$p, q \in \mathbb{N}$$: $$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{max} \big| x^p \phi^{(q)}(x) \big| < \infty @@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ decay faster than any polynomial. Furthermore, all test functions must be infinitely differentiable. These are quite strict requirements. -The **space of distributions** $\mathcal{S}'$ (note the prime) -is then said to consist of *functionals* $f[\phi]$ -which map a test function $\phi$ from $\mathcal{S}$, -to a number from $\mathbb{C}$; -this is often written as $\Inprod{f}{\phi}$. +The **space of distributions** $$\mathcal{S}'$$ (note the prime) +is then said to consist of *functionals* $$f[\phi]$$ +which map a test function $$\phi$$ from $$\mathcal{S}$$, +to a number from $$\mathbb{C}$$; +this is often written as $$\Inprod{f}{\phi}$$. This notation looks like the inner product of a [Hilbert space](/know/concept/hilbert-space/), -for good reason: any well-behaved function $f(x)$ can be embedded -into $\mathcal{S}'$ by defining the corresponding functional $f[\phi]$ as follows: +for good reason: any well-behaved function $$f(x)$$ can be embedded +into $$\mathcal{S}'$$ by defining the corresponding functional $$f[\phi]$$ as follows: $$\begin{aligned} f[\phi] @@ -46,20 +46,20 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \: \phi(x) \dd{x} \end{aligned}$$ -Not all functionals qualify for $\mathcal{S}'$: -they also need to be linear in $\phi$, and **continuous**, -which in this context means: if a series $\phi_n$ -converges to $\phi$, then $\Inprod{f}{\phi_n}$ -converges to $\Inprod{f}{\phi}$ for all $f$. +Not all functionals qualify for $$\mathcal{S}'$$: +they also need to be linear in $$\phi$$, and **continuous**, +which in this context means: if a series $$\phi_n$$ +converges to $$\phi$$, then $$\Inprod{f}{\phi_n}$$ +converges to $$\Inprod{f}{\phi}$$ for all $$f$$. -The power of this generalization is that $f(x)$ does not need to be well-behaved: +The power of this generalization is that $$f(x)$$ does not need to be well-behaved: for example, the Dirac delta function can also be used, whose definition is nonsensical *outside* of an integral, but perfectly reasonable *inside* one. By treating it as a distribution, we gain the ability to sanely define e.g. its derivatives. -Using the example of embedding a well-behaved function $f(x)$ into $\mathcal{S}$, +Using the example of embedding a well-behaved function $$f(x)$$ into $$\mathcal{S}$$, we can work out what the derivative of a distribution is: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ The test function removes the boundary term, yielding the result -$- \Inprod{f}{\phi'}$. Although this was an example for a specific $f(x)$, +$$- \Inprod{f}{\phi'}$$. Although this was an example for a specific $$f(x)$$, we use it to define the derivative of any distribution: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ Using the same trick, we can find the [Fourier transform](/know/concept/fourier-transform/) (FT) of a generalized function. We define the FT as follows, -but be prepared for some switching of the names $k$ and $x$: +but be prepared for some switching of the names $$k$$ and $$x$$: $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{\phi}(x) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty \phi(k) \exp(- i k x) \dd{k} \end{aligned}$$ -The FT of a Schwartz distribution $f$ then turns out to be as follows: +The FT of a Schwartz distribution $$f$$ then turns out to be as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \inprod{\tilde{f}}{\phi} @@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = \inprod{f}{\tilde{\phi}} \end{aligned}$$ -Note that the ordinary FT $\tilde{f}(k) = \hat{\mathcal{F}}\{f(x)\}$ is -already a 1:1 mapping of test functions $\phi \leftrightarrow \tilde{\phi}$. +Note that the ordinary FT $$\tilde{f}(k) = \hat{\mathcal{F}}\{f(x)\}$$ is +already a 1:1 mapping of test functions $$\phi \leftrightarrow \tilde{\phi}$$. As it turns out, -in this generalization it is also a 1:1 mapping of distributions in $\mathcal{S}'$, +in this generalization it is also a 1:1 mapping of distributions in $$\mathcal{S}'$$, defined as: $$\begin{aligned} |
