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Diffstat (limited to 'source/know/concept/clausius-mossotti-relation/index.md')
| -rw-r--r-- | source/know/concept/clausius-mossotti-relation/index.md | 27 |
1 files changed, 16 insertions, 11 deletions
diff --git a/source/know/concept/clausius-mossotti-relation/index.md b/source/know/concept/clausius-mossotti-relation/index.md index 03bdcac..61332db 100644 --- a/source/know/concept/clausius-mossotti-relation/index.md +++ b/source/know/concept/clausius-mossotti-relation/index.md @@ -18,19 +18,21 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ If there are $$N$$ such bodies per unit volume, -the polarization density $$\vb{P} = \varepsilon_0 \chi_e \vb{E}$$ -with $$\vb{P} = N \vb{p}$$ suggests that $$\chi_e = N \alpha$$. -However, this is an underestimation: +the macroscopic polarization density $$\vb{P} = \varepsilon_0 \chi_e \vb{E}$$ +with $$\vb{P} = N \vb{p}$$ may suggest that $$\chi_e = N \alpha$$. +However, this turns out to be an underestimation: each body's induced dipole creates its own electric field, weakening the field felt by its neighbors. -We need to include this somehow, -but $$\alpha$$ is defined for a single dipole in a vacuum. +To calculate $$\chi_e$$ from $$\alpha$$, we need to include this effect, +but $$\alpha$$ is defined only for a single dipole in a vacuum. -Let $$\vb{E}_\mathrm{int}$$ be the uniform internal field excluding the dipoles' contributions, -and $$\vb{E}(\vb{r})$$ the net field including them. +Let $$\vb{E}_\mathrm{int}$$ be the uniform internal field +excluding the dipoles' contributions, +and $$\vb{E}(\vb{r})$$ be the net field including them. Assume that the dipoles $$\vb{p}_i$$ are arranged in a regular crystal lattice at sites $$\vb{R}_i$$. -Then $$\vb{E}(\vb{r})$$ is the sum of $$\vb{E}_\mathrm{int}$$ and all the dipoles' fields: +Then $$\vb{E}(\vb{r})$$ is the sum of $$\vb{E}_\mathrm{int}$$ +and all the dipoles' fields: $$\begin{aligned} \vb{E}(\vb{r}) @@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} = - \frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \nabla \bigg( \frac{\vu{r} \cdot \vb{p}_i}{|\vb{r}|^2} \bigg) \end{aligned}$$ + {% include proof/start.html id="proof-dipole" -%} The atoms or molecules $$\vb{p}_i$$ need not be perfect dipoles, as long as they approximate one when viewed from a distance @@ -84,6 +87,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} Then the corresponding electric field $$\vb{E}_i$$ is given by $$- \nabla V_i$$ as is well known. {% include proof/end.html id="proof-dipole" -%} + The dipole $$\vb{p}_0$$ at $$\vb{r} = 0$$ feels a net local field $$\vb{E}_\mathrm{loc}$$, given below. The crystal's symmetry ensures that all its neighbors' fields cancel out: @@ -101,9 +105,10 @@ $$\begin{aligned} Even if there is no regular lattice, this result still holds well enough, as long as the dipoles are uniformly distributed over a large volume. -So what was the point of including $$\vb{E}_i(\vb{r})$$ in the first place? -Well, keep in mind that the sum over neighbors is nonzero for $$\vb{r} \neq \vb{R}_i$$, -which *does* affect the macroscopic field $$\vb{E}$$, defined as: +So... if all the neighbors' fields cancel out at $$\vb{r} \in \vb{R}_i$$, +then what was the point of including $$\vb{E}_i(\vb{r})$$ in the first place? +Well, those contributions do *not* cancel out for $$\vb{r} \not{\!\!\in} \: \vb{R}_i$$, +and this fact *does* affect the average macroscopic field $$\vb{E}$$, defined as: $$\begin{aligned} \vb{E} |
