summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/source/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to 'source/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential')
-rw-r--r--source/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/index.md49
1 files changed, 25 insertions, 24 deletions
diff --git a/source/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/index.md b/source/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/index.md
index b15c011..60eee78 100644
--- a/source/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/index.md
+++ b/source/know/concept/thermodynamic-potential/index.md
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ layout: "concept"
whose minima or maxima represent equilibrium states of a system.
Such functions are either energies (hence *potential*) or entropies.
-Which potential (of many) decides the equilibrium states for a given system?
-That depends which variables are assumed to already be in automatic equilibrium.
-Such variables are known as the **natural variables** of that potential.
-For example, if a system can freely exchange heat with its environment,
-and is consequently assumed to be at the same temperature $$T = T_{\mathrm{env}}$$,
+Of the many options, which potential decides the equilibrium state for a given system?
+It depends on which variables are assumed to be in automatic equilibrium.
+Such variables are called the **natural variables** of that potential.
+For example, if a system can exchange heat with its environment,
+and is consequently at the same temperature $$T = T_{\mathrm{env}}$$,
then $$T$$ must be a natural variable.
The link from natural variables to potentials
is established by [thermodynamic ensembles](/know/category/thermodynamic-ensembles/).
-Once enough natural variables have been found,
+Once the natural variables have been determined,
the appropriate potential can be selected from the list below.
All non-natural variables can then be calculated
by taking partial derivatives of the potential
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}$$
It is a function of the entropy $$S$$, volume $$V$$, and particle count $$N$$:
-these are its natural variables.
-An infinitesimal change $$\dd{U}$$ is as follows:
+these are its natural variables,
+so an infinitesimal change $$\dd{U}$$ is as follows:
$$\begin{aligned}
\boxed{
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
The non-natural variables are
temperature $$T$$, pressure $$P$$, and chemical potential $$\mu$$.
-They can be recovered by differentiating $$U$$
+These can be recovered by differentiating $$U$$
with respect to the natural variables $$S$$, $$V$$, and $$N$$:
$$\begin{aligned}
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}$$
It is a function of the entropy $$S$$, pressure $$P$$, and particle count $$N$$:
-these are its natural variables.
-An infinitesimal change $$\dd{H}$$ is as follows:
+these are its natural variables,
+so an infinitesimal change $$\dd{H}$$ is as follows:
$$\begin{aligned}
\boxed{
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
The non-natural variables are
temperature $$T$$, volume $$V$$, and chemical potential $$\mu$$.
-They can be recovered by differentiating $$H$$
+These can be recovered by differentiating $$H$$
with respect to the natural variables $$S$$, $$P$$, and $$N$$:
$$\begin{aligned}
@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}$$
It depends on the temperature $$T$$, volume $$V$$, and particle count $$N$$:
-these are natural variables.
-An infinitesimal change $$\dd{H}$$ is as follows:
+these are its natural variables,
+so an infinitesimal change $$\dd{H}$$ is as follows:
$$\begin{aligned}
\boxed{
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}$$
The non-natural variables are
-entropy $$S$$, pressure $$P$$, and chemical potential $$\mu$$.
-They can be recovered by differentiating $$F$$
+the entropy $$S$$, pressure $$P$$, and chemical potential $$\mu$$.
+These can be recovered by differentiating $$F$$
with respect to the natural variables $$T$$, $$V$$, and $$N$$:
$$\begin{aligned}
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}$$
It depends on the temperature $$T$$, pressure $$P$$, and particle count $$N$$:
-they are natural variables.
-An infinitesimal change $$\dd{G}$$ is as follows:
+they are its natural variables,
+so an infinitesimal change $$\dd{G}$$ is as follows:
$$\begin{aligned}
\boxed{
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}$$
The non-natural variables are
-entropy $$S$$, volume $$V$$, and chemical potential $$\mu$$.
+the entropy $$S$$, volume $$V$$, and chemical potential $$\mu$$.
These can be recovered by differentiating $$G$$
with respect to the natural variables $$T$$, $$P$$, and $$N$$:
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}$$
It depends on temperature $$T$$, volume $$V$$, and chemical potential $$\mu$$:
-these are natural variables.
-An infinitesimal change $$\dd{\Omega}$$ is as follows:
+these are its natural variables,
+so an infinitesimal change $$\dd{\Omega}$$ is as follows:
$$\begin{aligned}
\boxed{
@@ -239,7 +239,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
## Entropy
The **entropy** $$S$$, in units of energy over temperature,
-is an odd duck, but nevertheless used as a thermodynamic potential.
+is an odd duck, but nevertheless used as a thermodynamic potential,
+to be maximized instead of minimized.
It is given by:
$$\begin{aligned}
@@ -249,8 +250,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}$$
It depends on the internal energy $$U$$, volume $$V$$, and particle count $$N$$:
-they are natural variables.
-An infinitesimal change $$\dd{S}$$ is as follows:
+they are its natural variables,
+so an infinitesimal change $$\dd{S}$$ is as follows:
$$\begin{aligned}
\boxed{