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diff --git a/content/blog/2020/email-server-extras.md b/content/blog/2020/email-server-extras.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf3b597 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/blog/2020/email-server-extras.md @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ ++++ +title = "Setting up an email server in 2020 with Dovecot and OpenSMTPD: extras" ++++ + +# + +This sequel to my earlier [guide](/blog/2020/email-server/) discusses +extra tips and tricks to extend your email setup. +This page will be updated continuously as I come up with ideas. + +Last updated 2020-04-27. + + +## General + +### Multiple domains + +You can generalize your setup to handle multiple domains +with very little effort. In the following, +I'll assume that your two domains are called `foo.com` and `bar.com`. + + +#### DNS records + +There should be MX, SPF, DKIM and DMARC records for both domains, +as explained in the previous guide. Fortunately, all these records +can have completely identical contents for both domains! + +However, it remains essential that the mail server's mailname +and reverse DNS domain name match up exactly, +so you should create MX records with that in mind. +Therefore, if the email server for both domains has `mx1.foo.com` +as reverse DNS name, the MX records should look like this: +```sh +foo.com. MX 42 mx1.foo.com. +bar.com. MX 42 mx1.foo.com. +``` +This is perfectly valid: the only thing that matters is that +what your SMTP server calls itself agrees with what reverse DNS +says that the server is actually called. + + +#### Dovecot + +To make Dovecot aware of multiple domains, +you only need to update the `/etc/dovecot/users` file +to add accounts for both domains. +However, in the original guide, I said to only write `user` +in the file, without the `@foo.com`, for an address `user@foo.com`. +Unsurprisingly, that isn't an option when handling multiple domains, +so you must put the full address in `/etc/dovecot/users`. + +Then update `/etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf` to reflect that change, +by replacing `%n` with `%u` in `username_format`: +```sh +userdb { + driver = passwd-file + args = username_format=%u /etc/dovecot/users + override_fields = uid=vmail gid=vmail home=/home/vmail/%d/%n +} +``` +Also note the change in the `home` setting: +the inbox of a user `user@foo.com` will now be stored +in `/home/vmail/foo.com/user`. +That's all you need to change. + + +#### OpenSMTPD + +For OpenSMTPD, create a new file `/etc/smtpd/domains`, +and in there put all desired domains on their own line: +```sh +foo.com +bar.com +``` +And as I mentioned when discussing the DNS records, +you should check that `/etc/smtpd/mailname` agrees +with your server's reverse DNS. + +Then, in the main configuration file, tell OpenSMTPD to +use the new domains file when deciding whether to accept an message, +by declaring a new table and changing the `match` line for inbound mail: +```sh +table domains "/etc/smtpd/domains" +# ... +match from any for domain <domains> action "RECV" +``` +In theory, that's it! You should now have a working +multi-domain email server. + + + +## Dovecot + +### Catchall inbox + +In Dovecot, you can create a catch-all inbox that will accept all +emails sent to your domain that don't match anyone in `/etc/dovecot/users`. +Just add another `userdb` block *after* the first: +```sh +userdb { + driver = static + args = uid=vmail gid=vmail home=/var/vmail/catchall allow_all_users=yes +} +``` +The `static` driver means there is no table file: +all configuration is directly within this `userdb` block. +If we don't specify `allow_all_users=yes`, then Dovecot +will check whether users exist using the `passdb` table, +and will conclude that the recipient is invalid. + + + + +## OpenSMTPD + +### Client certificates + +You can configure OpenSMTPD to request a client certificate +for sending emails, in addition to or as a subsitute for passwords. +In this guide I'll use it for subsitution. + +This is especially useful if you created a catch-all inbox, +since this approach allows you to send messages from arbitrary names, +as long as the client can present a valid certificate. +It also allows you to get rid of the awkward duplication +of user credentials between Dovecot and OpenSMTPD. + + +#### Creating certificates + +We need to start with some cryptography to create and verify certificates. +I recommend that you do all of this on your trusted *client* device, +and only copy the necessary files to the server later. + +DISCLAIMER: +All the keys and certificates that we'll generate in this section are +for **private use** only, to handle a small number of trusted clients. +I'm not a cryptography expert, so you should **not** listen to me +for large-scale systems that may involve untrusted devices. + +The first step is to set up a private Certificate Authority (CA), +which issues the client certificates and can be used to verify them. +Start by generating an RSA private key, +which you should store in a safe place and not share with anyone: +```sh +$ openssl genrsa -out mailca.key 2048 +``` +Extract a public certificate from this key as follows. +Because we're lazy, we give it a lifetime of 36500 days: +```sh +$ openssl req -new -x509 -days 36500 -key mailca.key -out mailca.crt +``` +When running this command, OpenSSL will ask you some questions +about who this certificate is intended for. +Since this is for personal use, your answers don't matter, +so just use the defaults. +Some fields (I think only *Country Name* and *Organization Name*) +cannot be empty, but the others can. + +Moving on to the client, once again generate an RSA private key: +```sh +$ openssl genrsa -out mailclient.key 2048 +``` +From this private key, create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) +as follows, where you'll be asked the same questions as before: +```sh +$ openssl req -new -key mailclient.key -out mailclient.csr +``` +By feeding this CSR to the CA, we can create a signed client certificate +that can be verified using the CA's public certificate. +```sh +$ openssl x509 -req -in mailclient.csr -out mailclient.crt \ + -days 36499 -CA mailca.crt -CAkey mailca.key +``` +If you want to create multiple distinct client certificates, +just repeat the last few steps for each one. + + +#### Server configuration + +OpenSMTPD needs to verify the validity of client certificates +using the CA's public certificate, so you should copy that +to somewhere on the server, e.g. `/etc/smtpd/mailca.crt`, +and declare it to OpenSMTPD by adding this near the top of the file: +```sh +ca "mailca" cert "/etc/smtpd/mailca.crt" +``` +Then replace the entire configuration for outbound mail as follows. +Note that this removes SMTPS support, leaving only STARTTLS, +and that it also removes the need to enter a password: +```sh +# Outbound +listen on eth0 port 587 tls-require verify pki "example.com" ca "mailca" filter "rspamd" tag "VALID" +action "SEND" relay srs +match from any tag "VALID" for any action "SEND" +``` +The magic word here is "`verify`", which tells OpenSMTPD +to ask for a client certificate and to verify it using the given CA. +The `tag "VALID"` at the end is to clarify that all emails +that successfully pass through the first line are from trusted senders, +because they presented a valid client certificate. + + +#### Client configuration + +Now you won't be able to send emails if your client doesn't +present its certificate to the server! +Unfortunately, not all mail clients support this; personally +I use [Thunderbird](https://www.thunderbird.net/) with success. +I won't include any client-specific configuration here, +but I will say this: + +For some clients (like Thunderbird), you'll have an easier time +importing your client certificate if you encode it in the +[PKCS #12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_12) storage format: +```sh +$ openssl pkcs12 -export -in mailclient.crt -inkey mailclient.key \ + -certfile mailca.crt -out mailclient.pfx +``` +OpenSSL will ask you to set a password, which you'll need to +enter again when importing the certificate into the client. + + + diff --git a/content/blog/2020/email-server.md b/content/blog/2020/email-server.md index f089863..4eb043a 100644 --- a/content/blog/2020/email-server.md +++ b/content/blog/2020/email-server.md @@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ but your mileage may vary considerably. I hope you find it useful. This guide is aimed at people who are comfortable with the Linux/*BSD command line. -Last updated 2020-04-26. +When you're done, take a look at the +[sequel](/blog/2020/email-server-extras/) +for ideas to extend your setup. + +Last updated 2020-04-27. @@ -510,7 +514,7 @@ if it exists, which maps recipient addresses to system users. In our case, we're using `vmail` for everyone, and we'll let Dovecot manage the details by simply writing: ``` -@example.com vmail +@ vmail ``` Then create a new file `/etc/smtpd/passwds` and fill it in according to the following format: |