diff options
author | Prefetch | 2022-10-20 18:25:31 +0200 |
---|---|---|
committer | Prefetch | 2022-10-20 18:25:31 +0200 |
commit | 16555851b6514a736c5c9d8e73de7da7fc9b6288 (patch) | |
tree | 76b8bfd30f8941d0d85365990bcdbc5d0643cabc /source/know/concept/greens-functions | |
parent | e5b9bce79b68a68ddd2e51daa16d2fea73b84fdb (diff) |
Migrate from 'jekyll-katex' to 'kramdown-math-sskatex'
Diffstat (limited to 'source/know/concept/greens-functions')
-rw-r--r-- | source/know/concept/greens-functions/index.md | 99 |
1 files changed, 50 insertions, 49 deletions
diff --git a/source/know/concept/greens-functions/index.md b/source/know/concept/greens-functions/index.md index 0e53945..ddba2cd 100644 --- a/source/know/concept/greens-functions/index.md +++ b/source/know/concept/greens-functions/index.md @@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ except in a special case, see below. If the two operators are single-particle creation/annihilation operators, then we get the **single-particle Green's functions**, -for which the symbol $G$ is used. +for which the symbol $$G$$ is used. -The **time-ordered** or **causal Green's function** $G_{\nu \nu'}$ is as follows, -where $\mathcal{T}$ is the [time-ordered product](/know/concept/time-ordered-product/), -$\nu$ and $\nu'$ are single-particle states, -and $\hat{c}_\nu$ annihilates a particle from $\nu$, etc.: +The **time-ordered** or **causal Green's function** $$G_{\nu \nu'}$$ is as follows, +where $$\mathcal{T}$$ is the [time-ordered product](/know/concept/time-ordered-product/), +$$\nu$$ and $$\nu'$$ are single-particle states, +and $$\hat{c}_\nu$$ annihilates a particle from $$\nu$$, etc.: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ @@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ $$\begin{aligned} } \end{aligned}$$ -The expectation value $\Expval{}$ is +The expectation value $$\Expval{}$$ is with respect to thermodynamic equilibrium. This is sometimes in the [canonical ensemble](/know/concept/canonical-ensemble/) (for some two-particle Green's functions, see below), but usually in the [grand canonical ensemble](/know/concept/grand-canonical-ensemble/), since we are adding/removing particles. -In the latter case, we assume that the chemical potential $\mu$ -is already included in the Hamiltonian $\hat{H}$. -Explicitly, for a complete set of many-particle states $\Ket{\Psi_n}$, we have: +In the latter case, we assume that the chemical potential $$\mu$$ +is already included in the Hamiltonian $$\hat{H}$$. +Explicitly, for a complete set of many-particle states $$\Ket{\Psi_n}$$, we have: $$\begin{aligned} G_{\nu \nu'}(t, t') @@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ Arguably more prevalent are -the **retarded Green's function** $G_{\nu \nu'}^R$ -and the **advanced Green's function** $G_{\nu \nu'}^A$ +the **retarded Green's function** $$G_{\nu \nu'}^R$$ +and the **advanced Green's function** $$G_{\nu \nu'}^A$$ which are defined like so: $$\begin{aligned} @@ -74,16 +74,16 @@ $$\begin{aligned} } \end{aligned}$$ -Where $\Theta$ is a [Heaviside function](/know/concept/heaviside-step-function/), -and $[,]_{\mp}$ is a commutator for bosons, +Where $$\Theta$$ is a [Heaviside function](/know/concept/heaviside-step-function/), +and $$[,]_{\mp}$$ is a commutator for bosons, and an anticommutator for fermions. Depending on the context, we could either be in the [Heisenberg picture](/know/concept/heisenberg-picture/) or in the [interaction picture](/know/concept/interaction-picture/), -hence $\hat{c}_\nu$ and $\hat{c}_{\nu'}^\dagger$ are time-dependent. +hence $$\hat{c}_\nu$$ and $$\hat{c}_{\nu'}^\dagger$$ are time-dependent. -Furthermore, the **greater Green's function** $G_{\nu \nu'}^>$ -and **lesser Green's function** $G_{\nu \nu'}^<$ are: +Furthermore, the **greater Green's function** $$G_{\nu \nu'}^>$$ +and **lesser Green's function** $$G_{\nu \nu'}^<$$ are: $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} } \end{aligned}$$ -Where $-$ is for bosons, and $+$ for fermions. +Where $$-$$ is for bosons, and $$+$$ for fermions. With this, the causal, retarded and advanced Green's functions can thus be expressed as follows: @@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \end{aligned}$$ If the Hamiltonian involves interactions, -it might be more natural to use quantum field operators $\hat{\Psi}(\vb{r}, t)$ -instead of choosing a basis of single-particle states $\psi_\nu$. -In that case, instead of a label $\nu$, -we use the spin $s$ and position $\vb{r}$, leading to: +it might be more natural to use quantum field operators $$\hat{\Psi}(\vb{r}, t)$$ +instead of choosing a basis of single-particle states $$\psi_\nu$$. +In that case, instead of a label $$\nu$$, +we use the spin $$s$$ and position $$\vb{r}$$, leading to: $$\begin{aligned} G_{ss'}(\vb{r}, t; \vb{r}', t') @@ -125,14 +125,14 @@ $$\begin{aligned} &= \sum_{\nu \nu'} \psi_\nu(\vb{r}) \: \psi^*_{\nu'}(\vb{r}') \: G_{\nu \nu'}(t, t') \end{aligned}$$ -And analogously for $G_{ss'}^R$, $G_{ss'}^A$, $G_{ss'}^>$ and $G_{ss'}^<$. -Note that the time-dependence is given to the old $G_{\nu \nu'}$, -i.e. to $\hat{c}_\nu$ and $\hat{c}_{\nu'}^\dagger$, +And analogously for $$G_{ss'}^R$$, $$G_{ss'}^A$$, $$G_{ss'}^>$$ and $$G_{ss'}^<$$. +Note that the time-dependence is given to the old $$G_{\nu \nu'}$$, +i.e. to $$\hat{c}_\nu$$ and $$\hat{c}_{\nu'}^\dagger$$, because we are in the Heisenberg picture. If the Hamiltonian is time-independent, then it can be shown that all the Green's functions -only depend on the time-difference $t - t'$: +only depend on the time-difference $$t - t'$$: $$\begin{gathered} G_{\nu \nu'}(t, t') = G_{\nu \nu'}(t - t') @@ -152,20 +152,20 @@ $$\begin{gathered} <div class="hidden" markdown="1"> <label for="proof-time-diff">Proof.</label> We will prove that the thermal expectation value -$\expval{\hat{A}(t) \hat{B}(t')}$ only depends on $t - t'$ -for arbitrary $\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$, +$$\expval{\hat{A}(t) \hat{B}(t')}$$ only depends on $$t - t'$$ +for arbitrary $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$, and it trivially follows that the Green's functions do too. In (grand) canonical equilibrium, we know that the [density operator](/know/concept/density-operator/) -$\hat{\rho}$ is as follows: +$$\hat{\rho}$$ is as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \hat{\rho} = \frac{1}{Z} \exp(- \beta \hat{H}) \end{aligned}$$ The expected value of the product -of the time-independent operators $\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$ is then: +of the time-independent operators $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$ is then: $$\begin{aligned} \expval{\hat{A}(t) \hat{B}(t')} @@ -175,17 +175,17 @@ $$\begin{aligned} e^{i t' \hat{H} / \hbar} \hat{B} e^{-i t' \hat{H} / \hbar} \Big) \end{aligned}$$ -Using that the trace $\Tr$ is invariant +Using that the trace $$\Tr$$ is invariant under cyclic permutations of its argument, -and that all functions of $\hat{H}$ commute, we find: +and that all functions of $$\hat{H}$$ commute, we find: $$\begin{aligned} \expval{\hat{A}(t) \hat{B}(t')} = \frac{1}{Z} \Tr\!\Big( e^{-\beta \hat{H}} e^{i (t - t') \hat{H} / \hbar} \hat{A} e^{-i (t - t') \hat{H} / \hbar} \hat{B} \Big) \end{aligned}$$ -As expected, this only depends on the time difference $t - t'$, -because $\hat{H}$ is time-independent by assumption. +As expected, this only depends on the time difference $$t - t'$$, +because $$\hat{H}$$ is time-independent by assumption. Note that thermodynamic equilibrium is crucial: intuitively, if the system is not in equilibrium, then it evolves in some transient time-dependent way. @@ -193,11 +193,11 @@ then it evolves in some transient time-dependent way. </div> If the Hamiltonian is both time-independent and non-interacting, -then the time-dependence of $\hat{c}_\nu$ +then the time-dependence of $$\hat{c}_\nu$$ can simply be factored out as -$\hat{c}_\nu(t) = \hat{c}_\nu \exp(- i \varepsilon_\nu t / \hbar)$. -Then the diagonal ($\nu = \nu'$) greater and lesser Green's functions -can be written in the form below, where $f_\nu$ is either +$$\hat{c}_\nu(t) = \hat{c}_\nu \exp(- i \varepsilon_\nu t / \hbar)$$. +Then the diagonal ($$\nu = \nu'$$) greater and lesser Green's functions +can be written in the form below, where $$f_\nu$$ is either the [Fermi-Dirac distribution](/know/concept/fermi-dirac-distribution/) or the [Bose-Einstein distribution](/know/concept/bose-einstein-distribution/). @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} In the absence of interactions, we know from the derivation of [equation-of-motion theory](/know/concept/equation-of-motion-theory/) -that the equation of motion of $G^R(\vb{r}, t; \vb{r}', t')$ +that the equation of motion of $$G^R(\vb{r}, t; \vb{r}', t')$$ is as follows (neglecting spin): $$\begin{aligned} @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} + \frac{i}{\hbar} \Theta(t \!-\! t') \Expval{\Comm{\comm{\hat{H}_0}{\hat{\Psi}(\vb{r}, t)}}{\hat{\Psi}^\dagger(\vb{r}', t')}} \end{aligned}$$ -If $\hat{H}_0$ only contains kinetic energy, +If $$\hat{H}_0$$ only contains kinetic energy, i.e. there is no external potential, it can be shown that: @@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} <div class="hidden" markdown="1"> <label for="proof-commH0">Proof.</label> In the second quantization, -the Hamiltonian $\hat{H}_0$ is written like so: +the Hamiltonian $$\hat{H}_0$$ is written like so: $$\begin{aligned} \hat{H}_0 @@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ $$\begin{aligned} \int \psi_\nu^*(\vb{r}') \: \psi_\nu(\vb{r}) \: \nabla^2 \psi_{\nu'}(\vb{r}') \dd{\vb{r}'} \end{aligned}$$ -We know that the $\psi_\nu$ form a *complete* basis, +We know that the $$\psi_\nu$$ form a *complete* basis, which implies (see [Sturm-Liouville theory](/know/concept/sturm-liouville-theory/)): $$\begin{aligned} @@ -307,11 +307,12 @@ $$\begin{aligned} &= \frac{\hbar^2}{2 m} \sum_{\nu'} \hat{c}_{\nu'} \nabla^2 \psi_{\nu'}(\vb{r}) = \frac{\hbar^2}{2 m} \nabla^2 \hat{\Psi}(\vb{r}) \end{aligned}$$ + </div> </div> After substituting this into the equation of motion, -we recognize $G^R(\vb{r}, t; \vb{r}', t')$ itself: +we recognize $$G^R(\vb{r}, t; \vb{r}', t')$$ itself: $$\begin{aligned} i \hbar \pdv{G^R}{t} @@ -342,12 +343,12 @@ i.e. the Hamiltonian only contains kinetic energy. ## Two-particle functions -We generalize the above to two arbitrary operators $\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$, +We generalize the above to two arbitrary operators $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$, giving us the **two-particle Green's functions**, or just **correlation functions**. -The **causal correlation function** $C_{AB}$, -the **retarded correlation function** $C_{AB}^R$ -and the **advanced correlation function** $C_{AB}^A$ are defined as follows +The **causal correlation function** $$C_{AB}$$, +the **retarded correlation function** $$C_{AB}^R$$ +and the **advanced correlation function** $$C_{AB}^A$$ are defined as follows (in the Heisenberg picture): $$\begin{aligned} @@ -365,15 +366,15 @@ $$\begin{aligned} } \end{aligned}$$ -Where the expectation value $\Expval{}$ is taken of thermodynamic equilibrium. -The name *two-particle* comes from the fact that $\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$ +Where the expectation value $$\Expval{}$$ is taken of thermodynamic equilibrium. +The name *two-particle* comes from the fact that $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$ will often consist of a sum of products of two single-particle creation/annihilation operators. Like for the single-particle Green's functions, if the Hamiltonian is time-independent, then it can be shown that the two-particle functions -only depend on the time-difference $t - t'$: +only depend on the time-difference $$t - t'$$: $$\begin{aligned} G_{\nu \nu'}(t, t') = G_{\nu \nu'}(t \!-\! t') |